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Contraceptive use among female students of university of uyo
ABSTRACT
Over the years issues related to sexuality and contraception have been taken with great reservation by Nigerians, as a result of increase in sexual expressions and experimentation among adolescents. This therefore, investigates contraceptive use among female students of University of Benin, Benin City.
The objective of this study was to identify the status, patterned, constraints contraceptives use among female student of University of Benin, Benin City which will help to prevent some serious problems, such as unwanted pregnancy and unsafe abortions.
The population of the study was centered on female undergraduates of the University of Uyo,Town Campus on full-time programme during the 2011/2012 academic session.
A well structured questionnaire whose reliability was established through test – retest reliability procedure was used. The reliability coefficient was found to be 0.74. The questionnaire was administered to 209 students that was 1/5 of the students residing in the halls of residence which was selected using the simple random sampling technique.
The analytical tool for the study included frequency counts and percentages from the data collected and analyzed, the result shows that low rate of female student of University of Benin uses contraceptives.
In view of these findings, contraceptive use should be a major part of educational programmes designed for students’ health, educators and other medical personnel should give appropriate health education on different methods of contraceptive in regards to their benefits and limitations.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ` ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract vi
Table of Contents viii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background to the Study 1
Statement of the Problem 5
Research Questions 6
Purpose of the Study 6
Significance of the Study 7
Delimitation of Study 8
Limitation of Study 8
Definitions of Terms 9
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Theoretical Framework to the Study 10
Trends in Adolescents Sexuality 12
Adolescents Contraception 15
Methods of Contraceptives 21
Attitudes and Behaviour of Adolescents towards Contraceptive 32
Summary of Literature Review 34
CHAPTER THREE: METHOD OF THE STUDY
Research Design 36
Population of the Study 37
Sample and Sampling Technique 37
Research Instrument 38
Validity of the Instrument 38
Reliability of the Instrument 39
Method of Data Analysis 40
CHAPTER FOUR:
Data Presentation and Analysis 41
Discussion of Results 48
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATION
Summary 51
Findings 51
Conclusion 52
Recommendations 53
References 56
Appendix 59
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
The practice of contraception is old as human existence. Ancient writings noted on the Leahun Papyrus (1800 BCE) that the old Egyptians practice contraception by using a vaginal pessary of crocodile dung and fermented dough which may create an hostile environment for sperm.
During the early second century in Rome, Sorunus of Ephesus created a highly acidic concoction of fruits, nuts and wool that was placed at the cervical OS to create a spermicidal barrier (Wikipedia.com, 2010).
Over the years, issues related to sexuality and contraception, have been taken with great reservation by Nigerians, as a result of increase in sexual expressions and experimentation among adolescents. Studies conducted among female students in Nigeria indicate an overall awareness rate of 70.9%. Among sexually exposed students, there was contraceptive usage rate of 40.1% and an unwanted pregnancy rate of 30.5% (Adinma and Okeke, 1995).
Most adolescents who are sexually active and do not use contraceptive face the increasing risks of unwanted pregnancies and unsafe abortions. Induced abortion currently accounts for 20,000 of the estimated 50,000 of maternal death occur in Nigeria each year (Akingba, 1977; Okonfua and Liumok, 1992).
Many unwanted pregnancies by adolescents arise out of ignorance, because they receive inadequate education on sexual and reproductive health, and the source of information available on contraception are often dubious, unreliable and misleading because the information is less motivated by healthcare providers than their peers. The 1990 Demographic and Health Survey indicated that only 11% of sexually active women age 15 – 19 ever used any modern contraceptive methods.
The utilization of modern methods of contraceptive has always been shown to be poor among Nigerian adolescents. Studies from Western and Southern Nigeria have found the rates of contraceptive use among sexually active adolescents to be about 30% (Arowoju, Adekunle, Okpani and Okpani, 2000).
Although, societal and cultural inhabitation has been a great influence on the use of contraceptive, among adolescents because the use of contraceptive had been the prerogative of married women and adults in most African societies.
Fueye, Castle and Konate (2001) indicated that previously in many African societies, sexual information among adolescents is seen as sexual taboo. In general, the voluntary control of fertility is a paramount importance to a reproductive health of a woman, which can be essential to her ability to achieve her sense of well-being. The use of contraceptive to prevent unwanted pregnancy and unsafe abortion is especially important (Nuleo and Pool, 1997; Adedoyin and Adejoke, 1995; and Oladepo and Brieger, 1994).
Contraception is concerned about the procedure intentionally used to interfere with the normal sequence of events in the process of reproduction to prevent unwanted pregnancies. Contraceptive use among sexually active female student in Nigeria is critical to reduce unwanted pregnancy and unsafe abortion. However, there are potential side effects of some serious side effects when you use particular methods of contraception. According to National Health Insurance Scheme (2014), there are lots of contraceptive methods to choose from. Hormonal Contraceptive, Intrauterine Contraceptive, Voluntary surgical Contraceptive, Barrier Contraceptive and Natural Family planningmethod.
Planned Parenthood Federation of America, (2012) reported that not all contraceptive methods are appropriate for all situations, and the most appropriate method of birth control depends on a woman’s overall health, age, frequency of sexual activity, number of sexual partners, desire to have children in the future, and family history of certain diseases. Individuals should consult their health care providers to determine which method of birth control is best forthem.
Although all forms of contraception are available to couples where the female partner is still active, certain methods may be more suitable for female student of different age group and marital status on medical grounds, while other methods may have no medical advantage but may simply be more convenient or more acceptable. There are available types of family planning and contraceptive methods in Nigeria with their potential side effects to help female studentmake an informed decision. Heinemann (2014) reported that uterineperforationisapotentiallyseriouscomplicationofIntrauterine Device (IUD).VoluntarySurgical Contraception has side effects of ectopic pregnancy, client may regret later and success of reversal surgery cannot be guaranteed, there is also side effects associated with surgical procedures, side effects and side effects of local anesthesia, delayed effectiveness once the procedure has been performed and side effect of complications. Another potential side effect is failure. Vasectomy is not guaranteed to be 100% effective. Even when the operation is performed perfectly, it is possible in rare cases for sperm to find its way across the void between the two blocked ends of the vas deferens. The situation, called recanalization, is highly unusual but does occur (Snyder, 2015).
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecology (2015) reported that Barrier Birth Control Methods that need spermicides to be effective should only be used if you are at low side effect of HIV infection. Frequent use of spermicides can increase the side effect of getting HIV from an infected partner. To avoid an increased side effect of infection, including toxic shock syndrome, the cervical cap should not be used during your menstrual period and use of a cervical cap, sponge, diaphragm and spermicidal may increase the side effect of urinary tract infection. There is also an increased side effect of toxic shock syndrome if the diaphragm is left in for more than 24 hours. Most female student in Nigeria do not know how effective various forms of contraceptive are, nor are they able to judge the absolute or relative side effects of different methods, (Edwards,2000).
Other serious potential side effects that accompany contraceptives are: increased side effects of cervical and breast cancer, increased side effect of heart attack and stroke, migraines, higher blood pressure, gall bladder disease, benign liver tumors, decreased bone density, yeast overgrowth and infection, increased side effect of blood clotting and infertility, yeast infection (Candida) is another major distressing condition brought on by the consumption of contraceptive pills However, stopping the pill meansyou will have to come up withalternative methods of family planning, the most common alternatives to contraceptive pills include: condoms, contraceptive sponge, diaphragm, cervical cap, IUD, female condom, spermicidal foam, calendar method, withdrawal method, abstinence and sterilization (Okon, 2013). Anna, (2013) reported that people who use hormonal contraception, such as the contraceptive patch, are at a slightly increased side effect of being diagnosed with breast cancer compared with people who do not use hormonal contraception. World Health Organization, (2000) concluded that, female student over the age of 35 who suffer from migraines cannot use oral contraceptives because the side effects outweigh the benefit. Therefore, due to the above mentioned issues, a research on knowledge and prevention of the side effects of contraceptives uses among female student in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state became necessary.
1.0 Statement of theproblem
Contraceptives side effects in Nigeria in the contemporary time have become an issue that casts a gloomy shadow to the entire society especially among female student in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state. The researcher witness cases of high blood pressure, urinary tract infection, blood clotting, migrains, gall bladder disease, delay in pregnancy and infertility in female student, especially among friends and relatives and all were as a result of contraceptives uses. Today, Nigeria has one of the highest maternal mortality rates in the world and this has largely been attributed to lack of knowledge of contraceptives use to prevent the potential side effects (Stover& Rose 2009). Gbolahan, (2008) however, reported that married female student in Ilorin, Nigeria, who are in their prime childbearing ages, have contraceptive knowledge and more than 95 percent of all the female student believe that too frequent birth could endanger the health of the mother and her children. However, only the female student with side effects of contraceptiveknowledgewillbeabletotakepreventivemeasures.Acquiringknowledgeaboutcontraceptivesisthebestwaytopreventpotentialside effects incefemale studentarenotfullyprotected from an unplanned pregnancy and which makes contraceptives necessary until they have reached menopause. Female student therefore need knowledge to prevent the side effects of contraceptive uses and be able to consider their health status in order to choose an appropriate and suitable contraceptives (Bruce &Rymer, 2009). While Deborah, Ikhena, & Julia (2012), observed that the necessity for contraceptives options for female student start as early as 18. Regrettably, the prevalence of potential side effect of some contraceptives is related to lack of knowledge to prevent potential side effects of contraceptives.
Majority of female student in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state are facing some health challenges due to some types of contraceptives or after using it especially if female student lack knowledge of choosing the right method that is suitable for their body. Some contraceptives increase the side effect of developing blood clots, which can result into stroke. If a woman has high blood pressure, she needs to take this into consideration before using contraceptives. Other serious potential side effects that accompany contraceptives are increased side effect of cervical and breast cancer, increased side effect of heart attack and stroke, migraines, high blood pressure, gall bladder disease, benign liver tumors, decreased bone density, yeast overgrowth and infection, increased side effect of blood clotting and infertility. The dangers for use of oral contraceptives in female student above age of 35 includes Smoking, Hypertension, History of thromboembolism, or Stroke (Rebecca, Charles &Norris 2012). Inadequate knowledge and lack of relevant information and education on preventive measure is a major barrier to female student of reproductive age. Female student often are not fully aware of their contraceptive choices.
According to Guttmacher (2008), female student may not use contraception consistently because of problem they are facing such as lack of knowledge of their chosen method, infrequent sexual activity, and ambivalence about pregnancy, misperceptions about pregnancy side effect, wrong information from friends and family members and lastly, self medication. Addressing these and other barriers to the use of effective contraception through health talks is key to helping female student prevent contraceptives side effects (Lee, Parisi, Akers, Borrero, & Schwarz, 2011). Currently, there are several entities that want to include health talks on knowledge and prevention of contraceptive side effect, despite that contraceptives are used for child spacing, they also have their own significant side effects, such as increase in cardiovascular event especially in older female student and smokers, increase in human papillomavirus (HPV) infection , breast cancer and an increase in cervical cancer, which is the second most common cancer worldwide (Harper, Brown, Foster-Rosales &Raine, 2010). Therefore, oral contraceptives fail the most important test of preventive medicine: they increase the side effect of disease instead of decreasing it. Based on the above discoveries, the researcher is motivated to conduct a research among others to assess the knowledge and prevention on the side effects of contraceptives uses among female student in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state.
1.1 Purpose of the study
The purposes of this study are to:-
- To examine the knowledge of the side effects of contraceptives use among female student in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state;
- To investigate the preventive measures of contraceptives uses among female student in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state;
- To evaluate the difference between female student of different age groups in their knowledge of the side effects of contraceptive use among female student in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state;
- To evaluate the difference between female student of different age groups in their preventive measures of the side effects of contraceptive use among female student in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state;
- To examine the difference between female student of different marital status in their knowledge of the side effects of contraceptive use among female student in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state;
- To examine the difference between female student of different marital status in their preventive measure of the side effects of contraceptive use among female student in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state;
1.2 Research Questions
- Will female student have knowledge of the side effects of contraceptives use in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state?
- Will female student have knowledge of preventive measures of the side effects of contraceptives use in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state?
- What is the difference between female students of different age groups in their knowledge of side effects of contraceptive use among female student in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state?
- What is the difference between female students of different age groups in their preventive measures of side effects of contraceptive use among female student in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state?
- What is the difference between female students of different marital status in their knowledge of side effects of contraceptive use among female student in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state?
- What is the difference between female students of different marital status in the preventive measures of the side effects of contraceptive use among female student in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state?
1.3 Significance of the Study
The finding of the study will be significant in the following ways:
- Female student in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state will have knowledge on the side effects of contraceptives due to regular health talks during antenatal and postnatalclinics.
- It will help female student in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state to understand ways of preventing contraceptives side effects after it has been discussed by heath careproviders.
- It will benefit female student of different age groups in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state when nongovernmental organizations address the side effects involved in contraceptivesuses.
- It will motivate female student of different age groups in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state to take preventive measure while using contraceptives after attending health talks by health care providers and nongovernmentalorganizations.
- It will allow female student of different marital status in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state to gain more knowledge on contraceptives side effects through Medias such as radio and televisions.
- It will encourage female student of different marital status in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state to take preventive measure and choose the natural method of contraceptives to prevent all health hazards associated with other artificial contraceptives.
1.4 Basic Assumption
On the basis of available research evidence, the following assumptions were made for the purpose of this study.
- Knowledge of contraceptives use would help female student in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state understand the side effects.
- Prevention of contraceptives side effects will become a regular practice among female student in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state.
- Female student of different age groups in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state will be more knowledgeable on contraceptives side effects.
- Female student of different age groups in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state will take preventive measures while usingcontraceptives.
- Female student of different marital status in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state will be more knowledgeable on contraceptivesside effects.
- Female student of different marital status in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state will take preventive measures while usingcontraceptives.
1.5 Hypotheses
Based on the research questions, the following hypotheses were formulated for the purpose of this study.
- Female student will not significantly have knowledge on the side effect of contraceptives use in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state.
- Female student will not significantly take preventive measure of contraceptives side effects in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state.
- Female student of different age group will not significantly have knowledge on the side effects of contraceptive use in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state.
- Female student of different age group will not significantly take preventive measure on the side effects of contraceptive use in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state.
- Female student of different marital status will not significantly have knowledge on the side effects of contraceptive use in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state.
- Female student of different marital status will not significantly take preventive measure on the side effects of contraceptive use in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state.
1.6 Delimitation of the Study
The study was delimited to the knowledge and prevention of the side effect of contraceptives use among female student in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state. It was delimited to six local governments in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom state. Female student between the age groups of 20-44 who uses contraceptives from hospitals in the selected local government Areas served as respondents to this study.
