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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF STRENGTH OF BAMBOO CANE FIBRE CONCRETE BEAM AND REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM
ABSTRACT
Due to increase in cost of steel reinforcement for the construction of structure concrete. It becomes impressive to investigate other types of material that are cheaper and durable for the construction of a building. This is the reason why an investigation on the use of bamboo as alternative to steel reinforcement in the construction of beam was carried out. Test on the strength of steel and bamboo was carried out by using 3 top and 3 bottom arrangement of bamboo culms splint of 16mm diameter and that of 16mm steel reinforcement were carried out to check the adequacy of the bamboo reinforced concrete after crushing of both steel reinforcement concrete, it was discovered that the strength of 1:2:4 mix of bamboo reinforced concrete is higher than the strength of 1:3:6 steel reinforced concrete.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS PAGES
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table of content vi – viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1 – 2
1.1 Aim of the Study 3
1.2 Objective of the Study 3
1.3 Scope of the Study 3
1.4 Limitation of the Study 4
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Introduction 5
2.1 Bamboo 5 – 6
2.2 Reinforcement 6 – 7
2.3 Fibre 7
2.4 Beam 7 – 8
2.5 Mix Design 8
2.6 Cement 8
2.7 Water 8 – 9
2.8 Cane Fibre 9
2.9 Properties of Concrete 9 – 10
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Methodology 11
3.1 Design and Construction of a Beam 11
3.1.1 Design of Beam 11- 14
3.2 Procurement of Materials 14
3.2.1 Bamboo 14
3.2.2 Steel 14
3.3 Selection and Preparation of Bamboo 15
3.3.1 Preparation of Bamboo 15 – 16
3.4 Spacing of Bamboo Reinforced 17
3.5 Mixing Ratio 17
3.6 Arrangement of Bamboo and Steel 18
3.7 Concrete Preparation 18 – 19
3.8 Slump Test 19
3.9 Compacting Factor Test 19 – 20
3.10 Flexural Test in Beams 21
3.11 Curing 21
3.12 Flexural Strength of Concrete beam 22
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Analysis of Data, Calculation and Result 23
4.1 Batching of Materials Used 23
4.2 Flexural Strength Determination 23 – 24
4.3 Maximum Load at Failure 24
4.4 Calculation for Flexural Strength 24 – 25
4.5 Analysis of Result of Tensile Strength 26 – 27
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Conclusion 29
5.2 Recommendation 30
References 31
Appendix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Bamboo is a natural material found in abundance in tropical Africa with good physical and high mechanical properties.
Bamboo is unique both in tension and compression and has hit its mark in various part of the world as a good structural material. Bamboo for its reputation is therefore introduced as reinforcement in concrete. Bamboo serves as a reinforcement and cane fiber another material with high strength and aspect ratio serve as links. Research into the tensile strength added by bamboo cane fiber to concrete is to be carried out. (Aziz and lee, 2006)
Steel: is very important as building materials used extensively in structural engineering. It is manufactured from Iron ore (mid or quarried in certain part of country). Which is subject to a very high temperature. (Mc kay, 1992).
Concrete is a composite material primarily made up of course aggregate of insert nature and a binding material. The binding material serves the purpose of filling the void with in the aggregate and holding the aggregate together tightly. The aggregate are differentiated by a called grading. Grading is done using sieve analysis (Troxell, 1956).
The binding agent in most cases is Portland cement and it is mixed with portable water to form a paste which is mixed with aggregate to form concrete. Concrete hardness up in a process called setting after being placed with a pre-fabrication form work to form a solid structure material (Ferguson, 1997).
In concrete mixture, the overall proportion of the principle component (cement, fine aggregate, water, coarse aggregate) the binder and aggregate are controlled by the following requirement.
- When freshly mixed, the mass must be workable or place able. The properly is referred to as workability and it is dependent on the amount of water present. The more the water beyond the optimum moisture constant, the less the strength and vice-versa.
- When the mass hardens, it posses strength and durability adequate for the purpose for which it is intended.
- Cost of final product is the minimum possible for the accepted quality.
The above listed requirement summarize the properties of concrete such as strength, elasticity, water tightness resistance to destructive agencies, volume change, creep extensible and thermal properties.
The primary function of all structure is to carry load or to resist applied forces of whatever nature. (Troxell, 1956) defined concrete strength as the ability to carry out the function is dependent on the strength of the structure, as the unit force stress required to cause rupture or upset.
Rupture or upset may be caused by applied tensile stress (failure in cohesion) by applied shearing (sliding) stress or by compressive (rushing) stress.
Concrete is a brittle material which is much weaker intension than in compression. Concrete will bear compression force with in it is carrying capacity. It is not expected to resist direct tensile force due to its low tensile strength and brittle nature. Tension is important because it caused cracking (a form of tensile failure). The weakness of concrete has initiated the need to provide concrete with the tensile strength it lacks. This is done by introducing into concrete as material that has good tensile properties. The most commonly used reinforcement is steel and it has proven very good but for slight flaws such as high cost of procurement and its relative scarcity.
There is need to search for an alternative that is cheap that is in abundance and at the same time locally available (Oyenuga, 2008).
1.1. Aim of the Study
The man aim o f the project study is to know how bamboo cane fibre can be used in the absence of steel so as to reduce the cost of production of concrete.
1.2. Objectives of the Study
- To reduce the cost of construction material by using another material that can be readily found locally.
- To determine the contribution of bamboo-cane fibre to the strength of reinforced concrete to that of bamboo-cane composite.
1.3. Scope of the Project
The project deals with the dimension of beam to be used the width of the beam is directly influenced by the width of bamboo split to be used and reinforce to be used.
– Bamboo used is matured and should be double split i.e. the dried mature bamboo split 3/4 equal 16mm size, place 3top and 3bottom.
– 16mm split bamboo, 3top split bamboo and 3bottom split bamboo are hold with stirrup bamboo with steel stirrup.
– 16mm steel 3 top and 3 bottoms are hold with stirrup and binding wire
– Mix Ratio: is 1:3:6 and 1:2:4
The proportion is 1 part of cement to 3 part of fine aggregate; add to 6 part of coarse aggregate and 1part of cement to 2 part of fine aggregate, add to 4 part of coarse aggregate.
–Water: is the quality of the water used in mixing the concrete must be such that the chemical reaction which take place during the setting of the cement, are not impaired (Victor O. Oyenuga, 2008).
1.4 Limitations of the Study
Limitation of the study are as follows:
- Inadequate fund.
- High cost of materials used for the beams.
- Transportation problem.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0. INTRODUCTION BAMBOO CANE FIBRE CONCRETE BEAM
Concrete which is a mixture of various materials (such as cement, sand, gravel, water and is some case admixtures) has very high usable qualities in the construction industry. Some of such qualities are considerable strength, durability and good fire resistance. Although it possesses high compressive strength, it has low resistances to tensile load and stresses. (Dunham, 1966).
Consequently, its tensile strength is usually assumed to be negligible value in the design of concrete structure. Thus provision for a material of high tensile strength of concrete is justified. As far back as the eighteenth century, steel rods have being the most used reinforcement in concrete. Steel however, has its own slightly flaws and some of them are availability and cost of procurement to cater for these flaws engineering research are constantly in a search of material that can provide concrete with the tensile strength it lacks of interest to us in this literature is bamboo cane fibre as reinforcement in concrete
