Determinants Of Termination Of Pregnancy Among Adolescents In Obot Akara

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PUBLIC HEALTH PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS ON

DETERMINANTS OF TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN OBOT AKARA

ABSTRACT

This study seeks to examine  the “Determinant of termination of pregnancy among adolescent in obot akara”. Considerably, there are many authors, researchers, scholars and research centers that have carried out research on Determinants of termination of pregnancy among adolescents but not in the study area. Abortion is an important challenges associated with adolescent pregnancy and most of pregnancies are considered unplanned which resulted to Abortion and has become a major concern in Nigeria. Abortion is a wide issue and the major concern in most of the discussion on abortion draws heavily from the fact that abortion constitutes severe danger to a woman’s health but at the same time when performed by medical specialist (i.e. abortion specialist) is safe for the woman. Abortion is accepted and also rejected by different societies and people indulge in abortion for a lot of reasons. some indulge in abortion so that they can complete their education, some because of the fear of having a child outside wedlock while others indulge in abortion to avoid be labelled by the society as “loose”. The cross-sectional survey is the one adopted in this study and the sample size of this study is one hundred and seventy (170) possible respondents who were male and female adolescents from Obot Akara. The questionnaire was used for the collection of primary data. This study is divided into five (5) chapters, the first chapter is the introduction, the second chapter is the literature review, the third chapter is the methodology, the fourth chapter is the data presentation and data analysis and the fifth chapter is the summary, conclusion and recommendation. This study is beneficial to all categories of women, young girls and the society at large. This study also identifies how abortion affects the society at large.

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter is introductory background to the research. It provides the background to present study, the research problem that necessitated the work, the aims and objectives, the methodology, and to the expected contributions to knowledge, among other things.

 

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Over the last two decades, the determinants of adolescent pregnancy and abortion have taken the centre stage in the fields of fertility studies and women’s health. Today, adolescent sexuality is now an important social and medical program because adolescent is known to be sexually active. Pregnancy issue is one of the most crucial aspects of human existence in life. It is related to both bodily and psychosocial well-being of a population (Alubo, 2001; Onifade, 1999; Sai, 1995).

 

Adolescence is a period in which sex roles and psychosexual developments between the onset of sexual maturity, adulthood, self identity, and relationship with other persons are defined by the young people; this includes period between the ages of 10 and 19 years (Action Health Incorporated, 1996).

 

When adolescents person become sexually active at a young stage, they may have children before they are physically ready. Because early marriage also adds to the number of children a woman will bear throughout her life time, unexpected and early pregnancy put adolescents at risk of reproductive health complications. Sexual health has been one of the most integration of an intellectual, emotional, physical, and social aspect of one’s sexual beings in such a way that are positively enhancing and enriching communication, love, and personality (WHO, 1989).

 

Although, pregnancy reflects the integral joyful part of humans with physiological, cultural dimensions, spiritual, biological, ethical, social, and spiritual. Physiologically, the changes that usually occur in the reproductive organs in the life of adolescents rarely serve as a motivating force in their quest to experiment with sex. Some naturally examine and take the risks in many aspects of their lives, including sexual relationships. Some people love sex and they cannot do without it. Some change partners frequently and have more than one partner at a period or engage in unprotected sex. Such people are affected by reproductive morbidities including unwanted pregnancies, STI/HIV, and their complications.

 

Also, the ways at which the school systems look into the adolescents pregnancy, normally provide little or no sexuality education for adolescents people. One of the communications at the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in 1994 had stated that supports should be given by parents to promote integrated sexuality education and services to the adolescent people. Adolescent pregnancy is increasing globally with a trend towards early on-set.

In most developing countries, factors that are on-set of menarche, peer influence, erosion of traditional norms tourism, expose to foreign cultures, changing values due to increasing urbanization through migration, mass media, values, and lack of parental control have been implicated. More than 20% of secondary school girls in Nigeria are sexually active, or have had sexual relationship at least once (Anochie and Ekpeme, 2001; Okpani and Okpanu, 2000).

 

Pregnancy among adolescent is a growing issues worldwide, especially in Sub-Sahara Africa. About 20% of adolescent conceive during their first sexual exposure and 50% within the first six months (Aderibigbe, 2008; Araoye, 2010). Unwanted pregnancy leading to unsafe abortion is one of the most important causes of mortality and maternal morbidity. Unsafe abortion is an important medical and public health problems in Nigeria. Nigeria has a rapid incidence of unwanted pregnancies, unsafe/septic abortions and incomplete particularly among adolescents in Senior Secondary School (Ethiopia Journal and Health Development, 2007).

 

In Nigeria, unlike in some developed and developing countries where abortion is legal, most abortions are usually done by “quacks” due to an existing abortion law in the country. Unwanted adolescent pregnancy and its outcomes are of enormous burden to the family and societies because of the numerous complications that result from it. Some researches confirm that risky adolescent behavior is associated with secondary school and tertiary institution students who engage in the use of drugs and alcohol, have sex with many partners, have abnormal sexual practices, and show a low and inconsistent use of contraceptives (Global Health Council, 2006).

 

Several Married adolescent women are especially unable to negotiate sex or condom use with their husbands who may have extramarital partners, such that most young adolescent women are several times more inclined than young adolescent men to contract the HIV/AIDS disease through heterosexual link. Globally, the percentage of contaminated adolescent pregnancy in senior secondary school has increased from 62% to 77% in Sub-Saharan Africa (Nigeria). This high prevalence of AIDS in Africa is having a dreadful economical and social impact on the countries in the continent. A woman’s attack to the virus is attributable not only to biological differences, but also to the deeply unshakeable socio-economic inequalities that further compound her risk (Global Health Council, 2006).

As a result this study intends to examine the Determinant of termination of pregnancy among adolescent in obot akara. It is hope that the findings in this study will provide basis for development of reproductive health of the young females in to the country.

 

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In the Nigerian society, traditional norms control adolescent people’s sexuality and it is very rare to have an open conversation on sex. This is gradually changing today as more adolescents now exercise control over their lives and make more independent decisions about their sexuality (Action Health Incorporated, 1996). Adolescent pregnancy and abortion has however been a concern in most developing nations. Adolescents are more susceptible to pregnancies because of common premarital sexual practices (Bongaart & Westoff, 2000).Statistically, it is projected that at the turn of the 21st century, there will be 1.7 billion peoples more than one- fourth of the world’s six billion people are between the ages of 10-19, and the vast majorities 86 % live in less developed countries (PRB, 2000). It is globally acknowledged that a high proportion of young people are engaged in practices of abortion. Studies from most parts of Nigeria provide evidence that the incidence is on the increase.

On balance, there is a high probability that’ within black culture parent- teachers and church leaders might be failing to communicate information about sexuality freely with their children as they feel embarrassed and awkward and think it is immoral.

Adolescent have long sought abortion as a solution to unwanted pregnancy. Regardless of whether their culture or religion approve or disapproved of their practice. Abortion has undoubtedly loaded to maternal mortality among adolescent. In order to curtail this bad trend there is the need to know the attitude and knowledge of Secondary School Students towards abortion.

 

 

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

This study will seek answers to questions such as:

  1. What are the factors that influence adolescents to get involved in abortion?
  2. What are the negative effects or disadvantage associated with involvement in abortion?
  3. How can abortion affect the society at large?
  4. What are the best possible ways to prevent or reduce the negative effect caused by abortion among adolescents?

 

1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The main objective of this study is to examine the Determinant of termination of pregnancy among adolescent in obot akara. The specific objectives of the study are as follows:

  1. To examine those factors that influence female adolescents to get involved in abortion.
  2. To identify the negative effect or disadvantages associated with involvement on abortion.
  • To determine how abortion affect the society at large.
  1. To suggest means or possible ways to prevent or reduce the negative effect caused by abortion among adolescents.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study has both theoretical and practical significance.

THEORETICAL SIGNIFICANCE

This study has not been able to be addressed and reduced, the society, university authorities and policy makers should be able to make out polices that will help address the issue of abortion in the society.   Seminars, exhortations, e.t.c should be organized in other to help solve the situation. People should continue to carry out study on why undergraduate female students indulge in induced abortion.

 

PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE

The study is therefore significant because it will be beneficial to all categories of women, young girls and the society at large. This is because the understanding of the causes of abortion will enable society, university authorities and policy makers look for means to address and reduce the menace.

It will help individuals identify the negative effect or disadvantage associated with the involvement of abortion and how it affects the society at large.

Finally, this study is relevant to explain the incidence of induced abortion among youths in the society.

 

PUBLIC HEALTH PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS ON DETERMINANTS OF TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN OBOT AKARA

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