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Law Project topic on Protection and redress for victims of crime in Nigeria: an appraisal of the roles of the police and the court
ABSTRACT
The decline in protection and redress for victims of crime in Africa, and Nigeria in particular, began at the inception of colonialism and imposition of alien court and legal systems on the territories. Until then, the primary purpose of the customary legal processes, was the, “compensation of the victim, rehabilitation of the offender where relevant, and restoration of tranquility to the disturbed community”. The offender, irrespective of status or standing in the society, was always promptly, publicly and appropriately sanctioned. This research primarily interrogates the roles of the court and the police in protecting and redressing victims of crime in Nigeria. It examines the rights of adult and child victims of crime guaranteed by the United Nations. Consequently, United Nations’ and European Union’s resolutions and declarations about victims of crime, presently enforced in Europe and the United States of America, are extensively interrogated. Also interrogated are the unconditional release on bail of detained suspected persons, the adverse consequences of grant of prohibitive court orders against criminal investigations, the likelihood of abuse and misuse of ex parte injuctive process, the dilemma of obeying such orders by law enforcement officers, and the implications on the principle of fair hearing. The Court of Appeal’s perception of the indiscriminate use of the process against public functionaries also comes into focus. Legal textbooks, seminar papers, journal articles, internet resources, national constitutions, human rights instruments, United Nations’ resolutions, declarations and recommendations on the issue, and other related statutes are examined. The study advocates promulgation of victims-friendly legislation and the establishment of Victims’ Compensation Commissions or Boards by African countries, like their counterparts in Europe and America. It finally proposes that when such Boards or Commissions are established, they should be manned by credible and eminent persons in law and cognate areas; with the sole responsibility of identifying and compensating genuine victims of crime accordingly.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
Cover Page – – – – i
Title Page – – – – ii
Declaration – – – – iii
Certification – – – – iv
Dedication – – – – v
Acknowledgement – – – – vi
Abstract – – – – vii
Table of Contents – – – – viii
Table of Cases – – – – xvi
Table of Statutes – – – – xxiv
Abbreviations – – – – xxxii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study — — — 1
1.2 Statement of Research Problem — — 9
1.3 Research Questions — — — 10
1.4 Objectives of the Study — — — 10
1.5 Significance of the Study — — — 11
1.6 Scope of the Study — — — 12
1.7 Methodology of the Study — — — 13
1.8 Chapterisation — — — 13
1.9 Definition of Key Terms — — — 15
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
- 1 The Genesis of doing Justice to Victims of Crime 23
2.1.1 Modern Codes and Laws – Magna Carta 1215 — 25
2.1.2 The United States Constitution 26
2.2 The Genesis of Victims’ Rights’ Movement — 26
2.2.1 Pre-colonial Africa and Rendering Justice to Victims 32
2.2.2 The Colonial Era — — 35
2.2.3 Adoption of Alien Legal System and Impact on Justice to Victims 37
2.2.4 Post-Colonial Nigeria — — 38
2.3 The Police and Justice to the Victims — — 44
2.4 Human Rights as Rights for All — — 44
2.5 The Imperativeness of Restorative Justice — — 47
2.6 Corruption Explained — — — 51
2.6.1 Corruption and Criminal Justice System in Nigeria – The Courts 52
2.6.2 The Nigeria Police — — — 56
2.7 The Theory of Separation of Powers and the Nigerian Constitutions 57
2.8 The Impropriety of Meddling in Criminal Investigative Processes 60
CHAPTER THREE: THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE
PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
3.1 The Charter of the League of Nations — 64
3.1.1 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 — 65
3.1.2 The other International Instruments — 68
3.2 The Efficacy of the Universalism and Relativism Debate — 70
3.3 The origin of Doing Justice to Victims of Crime — 74
3.3.1 The Ecclesiastical Era — — 75
3.3.2 The Ancient Code – The Hammurabi’s Code — 75
3.3.3 The Medieval Period – The Twelve Tables — 77
3.3.4 The Mosaic Code — — — 78
3.3.5 The English Law (Stare decisis) — — 78
3.3.6 The Magna Carta 1215 — — 79
3.3.7 The Modern Epoch (The United States Constitution 1878) 81
- 3.8 Pre-colonial Africa and the Protection of Human Rights – (Nigeria) 81
3.3.9 The Pre-colonial Africa and Traditional legal Processes — 87
3.3.10 The other Parts of Africa — — — 89
3.4 The Decline in Doing Justice to Victims — — 90
3.4.1 Impact of decline in Africa (Colonial era) — 90
3.4.2 Impact of decline in Africa (Post-colonial era) — 93
3.5 Resurgence of Agitations for Victims’ Rights – USA — 94
3.5.1 Resurgence of Agitations for Victims’ Rghts – (UNO) — ` 96
3.6 Impact of Majory Fry’s Movement on the Revival of Agitations 97
3.6.1 Impact of Majory Fry’s Activities on Agitations in Europe 98
3.6.2 Impact of Majory Fry’s Activities in the USA — 98
3.6.3 Impact on Non-governmental Organisations — 101
3.6.4 Impact on Regional Organisations (EU) — — 102
3.6.5 Impact on Africa – Nigeria — — 103
3.7 The Supreme Court’s Perception on Justice for Victims — 107
3.8 Overview of National Legislation – CFRN 1999 — 109
3.8.1 The Criminal Procedure Act and the Criminal Procedure Code 111
3.8.2 The Legal Status of UN Declarations and Resolutions — 112
3.8.3 The UN 1985 Declaration of Basic Principles — 114
3.8.4 The Analysis of UN 1985 Declaration of Basic Principles– 115
3.9 The Protected Rights’ of Victims — 117
3.9.1 Right to Treatment of Victims with Respect and Compassion 118
3.9.2 Right to the Protection of Life, Property and lives of Dependants 119
3.9.3 Right to Compensation and other legal Assistance — 120
3.9.4 Right to other financial needs and Assistance — 121
3.9.5 Right to involvement in Decision making — 121
3.9.6 Right to involvement in Mediation — 122
3.10 The European Union and Rights of Victims of Crime — 122
3.10.1 Council Recommendation – No. R (85)11 — 123
3.10.2 Council Recommendation – .No. R (87)21 — 126
3.10.3 The 2001 EU. Framework Decision — — 126
3.11 Victims’ Rights’ Legislations in the United States of America 127
3.12 The UN and Protection of Child Victims – The Model Law 128
3.12.1 The Rights for Child Victims and Witnesses — 129
3.13 The Examination of Rights’s of Child Victims and Witnesses 132
3.13.1 The Best Interest of the Child Principle — 132
3.13.2 The Right to be Treated with Diginity and Compassion — 133
3.13.3 The Right to be Protected from Discrimination — 133
3.13.4 The Right to be Informed — — 134
3.13.5 The Right to be Heard and to Express Concern — 134
3.13.6 The Right to Effective Assistance — — 135
3.13.7 The Right to Privacy — — 135
3.13.8 The Right to be Protected from Hardship during Justice Process 136
3.13.9 The Right to Safety — — 136
3.13.10 The Right to Reparation or Compensation — 137
3.13.11 The Right to Special Preventive Measures — 137
3.14 The Overview of Regional / Lgislation on Child Victims – Africa 139
3.14.1 Europe — — — — 139
3.14.2 Organisation of American states/Asia and the Middle East 139
3.15 Analysis of National Legislations on Child victims — 140
3.16 Model of State Compensation — — 142
3.17 The UN and Protection of Victims of Abuse of
Power (UDHR 1948) 143
3.17.1 The AU and Protection of Victims of Abuse of Power — 147
3.17.2 African Charter on Human and Peoples’Rights — 149
3.17.3 African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights — 150
3.17.4 African Human Rights’ Court — — 151
3.17.5 African Court of Justice and Human Rights — — 153
3.18 National Legislation on Protection of Victims of
Abuse of Power – The CFRN 1999 (as amended) — — 154
3.18.1 The Fundamental Rights’ Enforcement Procedure Rules (FREP) 2009 156
3.18.2 The Interim Reliefs that Court can Make — — 158
3.18.3 The Witness Protection Bill — — 160
3.18.4 High Courts’ Decisions under (FREP) Rules 2009 — 160
3.19 Rights of a Suspect (Before and After Arrest) — 163
3.19.1 Rights of an Accused Person (During Trial) — — 164
3.19.2 Rights of an Accused Person (After Trial) — — 164
3.19.3 Defences available to Victims of Abuse of Power — 165
CHAPTER FOUR: THE POLICE, COURTS AND PROTECTION
AND REDRESS FOR VICTIMS OF CRIME
4.1 The Origin of the Police and Policing in Nigeria — 166
4.1.1 The Colonial Police Forces — — 168
4.1.2 The Colonial Trading Company and Security 1886 — 169
4.1.3 The Lagos Consular Guard 1861 and the Southern Police Force 1906 170
4.1.4 The Nigeria Police Force 1930 — — 171
4.1.5 The NPF under the 1960/63 Constitutions and
The Unification of the NPF Systems 1966 — — 171
4.1.6 The NPF under the 1979/99 Constitutions — — 173
4.2 The Development of Police Force and Policing in the UK — 174
4.2.1 The London Metropolitan Police 1829 — — 175
4.2.2 The Formation of the Criminal Investigation Division — 176
4.3 Origin of Police and Policing in the United States — 176
4.3.1 Police Systems in the United States — — 177
4.3.2 Formation of Professional Police Departments — — 177
4.3.3 Creation of the Criminal Investigation Division — 178
4.3.4 Professionalisation of Policing — — 179
4.4 Sources of Police Power and Coersion — — 179
4.4.1 Arrest: How it is made — — 181
4.4.2 The Definition and Objectives of Arrest — 183
4.4.3 Notification of Reasons for Arrest — — 184
4.4.4 Classification of Arrest — — 185
4.4.5 The Legality of Police Infraction on Citizen’s Rights — 188
4.5 Herman Goldstein’s Ideal Police Functions — 190
4.6 The Marxists’ Perception of Police Functions — 191
4.6.1 The Researcher’s Rejoinder — — 193
4.7 Examination of Police Powers and Functions (Nigeria) — 196
4.7.1 Classification of Police Powers of Arrest — — 198
4.7.2 Power of Arrest without Warrant — — 198
4.7.3 Standard of Proof for Arrest – ‘Reason Grounds’ — 200
4.7.4 Power of Arrest with Warrant of Arrest — — 203
4.7.5 Status of a Nigerian Policeman — — 206
4.7.6 Fusion of Police Powers and Functions — — 206
4.7.7 Discretion in Exercise of Police Power — — 207
4.7.8 Police Powers to Detain — — 207
4.7.9 Police Power to Release on Bail — — 210
4.7.10 Police Power to Prosecute — — 211
4.8 Appraisal of Police Powers – United Kingdom — 213
4.8.1 Power of Arrest – Arrestable Offences — — 214
4.8.2 General Conditions for Arrest — — 216
4.8.3 Standard of Proof for Arrest – ‘Reasonable Grounds’ — 216
4.8.4 Dete ntion and Treatments after Arrest — — 218
4.8.5 Time limits for Detention without Charge — — 220
4.8.6 Police Bail after Arrest — — 221
4.9 Analysis of Police Powers – USA — — 222
4.9.1 Warrantless Arrest — — 224
4.9.2 Standard of Proof for Arrest – “Probable Cause Concept” — 224
4.9.3 Emergence of “Reasonable Suspicion” Concept — 225
4.9.4 Prohibition of Double Jeopardy, etc. and the Procedural Safeguards 226
4.9.5 Custodial Detentions — — — 227
4.9.6 Investigative, Special Needs and Indefinite Detentions — 228
4.10 Redress for Unlawful Arrest and Detention — 230
4.11 Comparative Analysis of use of Police Powers- UK, USA,
India and Nigeria — — — 233
4.12 The Constraints of Policing — — 237
4.12.1 Constraints of Policing in Nigeria — — 238
4.12.2 Political Pressures and Policimg in Nigeria — 239
4.12.3 Constitutional Constraints — — — 240
4.12.4 Foundational Constraints — — — 243
4.12.5 Statutory Constraints — — — 246
4.12.6 Institutional Constraints — — — 248
4.12.7 Operational Constraints — — — 250
4.13 Corruption and the Nigerian State — — 256
4.13.1 Global Perception of Police Corruption — — 259
4.13.2 The Nigeria Police Force and Corruption — — 260
4.14 The Courts: Protection and Redress for Victims of Crime — 266
4.14.1 Definition/SFunctions of Court — — — 267
4.14.2 Ex parte order of Injunction – Origin and Application — 271 4.14.3 Reception into the Nigerian Legal System — — 271 4.14.4 Principles Regulating Grant of Ex parte Injunction — 272
4.14.5 Conditions for grant of ex parte Injunction — 273
4.14.6 Meaning of “Order to Operate as Stay” — 276
4.14.7 The Court of Appeal’s Perception of Ex parte Injunctive Process 277
4.14.8 The likelihood of Abuse and Misuse of the Process — 278
4.15 The Dilemma of Obeying Court Order against Criminal Investigation 280
4.15.1 Exception to Common law Rule of Disobedience to Court Order 282
4.16 Courts’ Meddling in Criminal Investigations and implication on
Police Powers and functions — — 287
4.16.1 Implication of Ex parte order on the Principle of Fair Hearing 290
4.17 The Necessity of Punishment and
Punishment as Negation of Human Rights — 290
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary — — — 292
5.2 Conclusions — — — 296
3.3 Recommendations — — — 301 REFERENCES — — — 305
TABLE OF CASES
| CASE | PAGE | |
| Abia State vs A.G.Federation (2006) Vol. 176 LRCN 163 | — | 288 |
| Abimbola Davies vs N E C (unreported) FHC/11C/M/209/93 | — | 278 |
| Abdulhamid vs Akar (2006) 13 NWLR (pt.996) | 47, 156 | |
| Aderinto vs Omojola (1998) IFHCLR 101) | — | 45 |
| Adewole and Ors vs Jakande & ors (1981) INLLR 262 | — | 155 |
| African Continental Bank Ltd. vs Awogboro (1991) 2 NWLR (pt.176) 211 | — | 273 |
| A. G. Anambra vs Chief Chris Uba (2005) 33 WRN 191 | — | 8, 162 |
| A.G Ondo State vs A. G. Federation (2002) 9 NWLR (pt.772) 222 | — | 51, 257 |
| Agbakoba vs The Director of SSS (1994) 6 NWLR (pt.351) 475 | — | 155 |
| Aidamebor vs Obamogie (1989) FHCLR 505 | — | 44, 110 |
| A J Akpan & anor vs E F Johnson (unreported) HU/MISC.402/2010 | — | 47, 161 |
| Aksoy vs Turkey (1996) Eur.ct.HR 2260 | — | 231 |
| ALhaji Hammani Tijani v FRN & Ors. (unreported) ECW/CCJ/APP/01/06 | — | 288 |
| Allen v Wright (1938) 8 C & P 522 | — | 222 |
| Amanchukwu vs FRN (2009) 37 NSCQ 616 | — | 285 |
| Ariori vs Elemo (Muraino) (1983) 1 SCNLR 13 | — | 61, 208 |
| Aso Timoz Ltd. vs Timoz Engr. Ltd. (2005) 9 NWLR (pt.929) 189 | — | 283 |
| Asogwa vs Chukwu (2003) 4 NWLR (pt.811) 540 | — | 278 |
| Azanian Peoples’ Organisation vs President of the Republic of South Africa (1996) 4 SA 671 | — | 299 |
| Awotide vs IGP (2002) I FHCLR241 | — | 155 |
| Babatunde vs Olatunji (2000) Vol.75 LRCN 271 | — | 281 |
| Balarabe Musa vs Peoples’ Redemption Party (1981) 2 NCLR 763 | — | 155 |
| Bardeau vs McDowel 256 US.465 (1921) | — | 223 |
| Barr. Nomeh vs ACP Tunde Bolarinmi (unreported) HAB/66M/12 | — | 162 |
| Barr. U.S.R Nworgu vs A.C.P Tunde Bolarinmi & ors (unreported) HAB/6ML/12 | — | 162 |
| Basinco Motor Ltd. vs Woermann-Line & Anor (2009) Vol.176 LRCN 163 | — | 286 |
| Beek vs Ohio 379 US-89.91 (1964) | — | 225 |
| Benton vs Maryland 395 US.784 (1969) | — | 226 |
| Boumediene vs Bush 127 S.ct.1478 | — | 236 |
| Brigham City vs Stuart (2006) 547 US 398 | — | 236 |
| Brogan vs United Kingdom 11 Eur.HR Rep 11756 (1988) | — | 321 |
| Cady vs Dombronski (1973) 413 US.433 | — | 229 |
| Castorina vs Chief Constable of Surrey (1988) 138 NLJR | — | 200, 217 |
| Chapman vs Director of Public Prosecutions (1988) 89 cr.APP.R190 | — | 217 |
| Chibuike Odii vs ASP Bethel Amah & Ors (Unreported) HAB/16MC/012 | — | 162 |
| Chief Mrs Olufumilayo Ransom-Kuti & Ors vs AG Federation (1985) 6 SC 245 | — | 155 |
| Chief E Bassey & ors vs Chief Afia & Ors (Unreported) CA/C/205/2007 | — | 277 |
| Chief Gani Fawehinmi vs Sani Abacha (1998) 1 HRLRA 543 | — | 155 |
| Chief Fawehinmi vs General Sanni Abacha (1996) 9 NWLR (pt.475) 710 | — | 155 |
| Chuck vs Cremer (1846) 47 ER | — | 280 |
| Chukwuka vs COP (1984) NWLR 21 | — | 201 |
| Christie vs Leachinsky (1947) AC 573 | — | 185 |
| County of Riverside vs McLaughlin 500 US 44 (1991) 291 | — | 218 |
| Danaz Services Ltd. v COP Rivers State & Commander JTF P.H (unreported) FHC/PH/CS/81/2010 | — | 162 |
| David Egwu vs COP Ebonji State (unreported) HAB/49/10 | — | 162 |
| Dawes vs Director of Public Prosecutions (1994) Crim. R 69 | — | 184 |
| Dokubo-Asari vs FRN (2008) Vol.6 LRCNCC 1 | — | 189 |
| Dr. Beko Ransom-Kuti vs A.G.Federation (1998) 1 HRLRA 626 | — | 155 |
| Echeazu v COP (1974) NWLR 308 | — | 189 |
| Edwards vs Director of Public Prosecutions (1993) 97 Cr. App.301 | — | 184 |
| E E Akpan vs I E Akpan (unreported) HUK/MISC 24/2009 | — | 282 |
| Effiom vs State (1995) All NLR 1 | — | 208 |
| Ekwenugo vs FRN (2001) 6 NWLR (pt.708) 171 | — | 288 |
| Elika vs Nwakwola (1984) 12 SC.301 | — | 285 |
| Enebeli vs Chief of Naval Staff (2000) 9 NWLR (pt. 671) 119 | — | 164 |
| E.S & CS Ltd. vs NMB Ltd. (2005) 16 NWLR (pt.424) 215 | — | 273 |
| Estes vs Texas 381 US 532, 540 (1965) | — | 276 |
| Fabunmi vs COP Osun State (2001) 2 FHCLR 380 | — | 155 |
| Fajemirokun vs CBN (2009) 37 NSCQR 1 | — | 6, 44 |
| Fawehinmi vs Akilu (1989) 3 NWLR (pt.112) 685 | — | 272 |
| Fawehinmi vs FRN (2005) Vol.4 LRCNCC 292 | — | 9 |
| Fawehinmi vs IGP (2005) Vol.4 LRCNCC 292 | — | 196 |
| Femi Falana vs FRN (unreported) Suit No. FHC/IKJ/PT.351/47 | — | 155 |
| Fenner vs Watson (1893) Ch.656 | — | 278 |
| Florida vs Bostic 49 Crt.2270 (1991) | — | 223 |
| Florida vs Royer (1983) 460 US 491 | — | 234 |
| Folade vs A.G. Lagos State (1981) 1 NCLR 135 | — | 155 |
| FRN vs Osahon (2008) Vol.6 LRC NCL 377 | — | 212 |
| 7 Up-Bottling Co. Ltd. vs Abiola & Sons Ltd. (1995) 3 NWLR (pt.383) 257 | — | 62 |
| G vs DPP. (1989) Crim. LR150 | — | 216 |
| Gadan vs The Queen (1954) 14 WACA 442 | — | 165 |
| Gani Fawehinmi vs The State (1990) 1 NWLR (pt.127) 486 | — | 164 |
| Garba vs University of Maiduguri (1986) 4 NWLR (pt.18) 597 | — | 164 |
| Gerstein vs Pugh 420 US 103 (1975) | — | 228 |
| Glinski vs McIvor (1962) AC 942 | — | 217 |
| Godwin Akwaowo vs Mrs. Margaret Esoh (unreported) HU/MISC.168/2004. | — | 287 |
| Government of Lagos State vs Ojukwu (1986) 1 NWLR (pt.18) 621 | — | 281 |
| Group Danone & Anor vs Voltic (Nig.) Ltd. (2008) 3 – 4SC 32 | — | 283 |
| Hamdi vs Rumsfield 542 US 509 | — | 180 |
| Hayes vs Chief Constable of Merseyside Constabulary(2011)EWCA | — | 217 |
| Hearbottle United vs National Westminster Bank (1978)QB146 | — | 282 |
| Holgate-Mohammed vs Duke (1984) AC. 437 | — | 216 |
| Hon. Eze Celestine Eze vs COP Ebonyi State (unreported) HAB/20/93 | 162 | |
| Howell (1981) 3 All ER 383 | — | 287 |
| Udofia vs The DPO Ibiono Ibom & COP AIS (unreported) HIT/MISC.17/2007 | — | 287 |
| IGP vs Ogbomo (1957) WRNLR 200 | — | 117 |
| Ikonne vs COP & Nanna Nwachukwu (1986) 4 NWLR (pt.36) 473 | — | 203 |
| Illinois vs Ridster (2004) 540 US 419 | — | 234 |
| In Re-Kelmer 136 US 436 (1890) | — | 226 |
| In Re-Oliver 333 US 258 (1948) | — | 226 |
| Jammal vs The State (1999) 9 NWLR (pt.472) 352 | — | 164 |
| Jimoh vs A.G. Federation (1998) 1 FHCLR 171 | 165 | |
| Kalu vs State (1988) 4 NWLR pt.503 | 107 | |
| Kelvin Peterside vs International Merchant Bank(Nig.) Ltd. (1993) 2 NWLR (pt.278) 712. | 156 | |
| Klopfer vs North Carolina 386 US (1957) | — | 226 |
| Kotoye vs CBN (1989) 1 NWLR (pt.98) 418 | — | 273 |
| Ladunni vs Kukoyi (1972) 1 ALL NLR (pt.1) 113 | — | 273 |
| Lasisi Atanda & Ors vs Salami Ajani (1989) 3 NWLR 511 | — | 208 |
| McDermott vs R (1948) 76 CLR 501 | — | 228 |
| Meredith vs Erath (9th cir.2003) 342 F.3d1057 | — | 234 |
| Michael Nwome vs ASP William Bapee & Ors (unreported) HIK/32M/13 | — | 162 |
| Michael S. James vs Godwin Asuquo & Ors (unreported) HU/MISC/63/2010 | — | 47, 161 |
| Millennium Invst. Trust vs COP Ebonyi State (unreported) HAB/53/12 | 162 | |
| Minister of Internal Affairs vs Shugaba Darman (1982) 3 NCLR 915 | — | 45 |
| Mobil Oil (Nig.) Ltd. vs Assam (1995) 8 NWLR (pt.412) 419 | 281 | |
| Momoh vs Senate & ors (1981) 1 NCLR 105 | — | 155 |
| Nigeria Civil Service Union vs Essien (1985) 3 NWLR (pt.12) 306 | — | 273 |
| Njoku vs State (1993) 6 NWLR (pt.299) 274 | — | 165 |
| Nwafor Aniara vs Nkwuda Nnara & ors (unreported) HAB/9MC/13 | — | 162 |
| Nwafor Ukegbu vs The State (1979) 1 SC 1 | — | 107 |
| Nwude vs FRN (2005) 1 NCC 196 | — | 276 |
| Nyali Ltd. vs A.G. (1955) 1 ALL ER 946 | — | 48 |
| Nzewi vs COP (2002) 2 HRLRA 156 | — | 274 |
| Obiakor vss State (2002) 10 NWLR (pt.776) 612 | — | 165 |
| Odogwu vs A.G. and 6 ors (1995-96) All NLR 480 | — | 231 |
| Odogwu vs Odogwu (1992) 2 NWLR (pt.275) 539 | — | 282 |
| Odutola vs Lawal (2003) 1 NWLR (pt.749) 633 | — | 273 |
| Ogboh vs FRN (2002) 10 NWLR (pt.774) 22 | — | 164 |
| Okafor vs Onedinibe (2003) 19 NWLR (pt.825) 415 | — | 278 |
| Okechukwu Nnamani vs Fabian Onukwo (unreported) HAB/9MC/13 | — | 162 |
| Okechukwu vs Okechukwu (1980) 3 NWLR (pt.108) 234 | — | 273 |
| Okegbu vs The State (1979) II SC 56 | — | 271 |
| Okojie & Ors vs A.G Lagos State (1981) 2 NCLR 337 | — | 155 |
| Okonuwa vs The State (1975) All NLR 262 | — | 164 |
| Olusemo vs COP (1998) 11 NWLR (pt.575) 547 | — | 212 |
| Omelas vs United States 116 Sct.1657 (1996) | — | 223 |
| Oyewole vs Akande (2009) Vol.171 LRCN 76 | — | 155 |
| Oyewole vs COP (1979) 2 FNR 301 | — | 285 |
| Ozulonye vs State (1983) 4 NCLR 204 | — | 61 |
| Parker vs Parker (1954) ALL ER 22 | — | 265 |
| Paul Unongo vs Aper Aku (1983) 2 SCNLR 332 | — | 60, 155 |
| R vs Akinyanju (1959) WRNLR 253 | — | 204 |
| R vs Brosch (1988) Crim.LR.743 | — | 218 |
| R. Benkay (Nig.) Ltd. vs Cadbury (Nig.) Ltd. (2006) 6 NWLR (pt.976) 338 | — | 284 |
| R vs Chancellor of the University of Cambridge (1723) 1str.557 | — | 285 |
| R vs Ndo (1955) 14 WACA 352 | — | 187 |
| R vs Purcel (1992) Crim.LR 806 | — | 218 |
| Rabiu vs The State (1980) 8-11 SC 130 | — | 19, 165 |
| Rasul vs Bush 542 US 466 (2004) | — | 232 |
| Regina vs Lord Chancellor, Ex-parte William (1997) QB 575 | — | 276 |
| Rice vs Connolly (1966) 2 QB 414 | — | 222 |
| Richardson vs Chief Constable of West Midlands Police (2011) EWHC. | — | 217 |
| Savanah Bank (Nig.) Ltd. vs NDIC (2005) 11 NWLR (pt.936) 311 | — | 62 |
| Secondi Bogban & 2 ors vs Motor Diwline & 2 ors (2005) 16 NWLR (pt.951) 274. | — | 273 |
| Shugaba Darman vs Fed Minister of Internal Affairs (1981) 1 NCLR 25 | — | 155 |
| Spicer vs Holt (1977) AC 987 | — | 222 |
| Spokes vs Bembury of Health (1865) LRNL EQ.42 | — | 281 |
| State vs Pinkham (Me.1989) 565 A.29 318 | — | 229 |
| Suleman & Anor vs COP Plateau State (2008) 2-3 SC (pt.1) 185 | — | 277 |
| Sullivan Chime vs Onyia & Ors (2009) 2 NWLR (pt.124) 1 | — | 52 |
| Sunday Okuduwa & Anor vs The State (1988) 2 NWLR 333 | — | 106 |
| Swafford Unified School District vs Redding (2009) – US – (2009 – L1789472) | — | 234 |
| Terry vs Ohio 392 US.1 (1967) | — | 225 |
| Theresa Onwo vs Nwafor Oko & Ors (1996) 6 NWLR (pt.456) 612 | — | 281 |
| Thomas Edison Ltd. vs Bullock (1912) CLR 696 | — | 284 |
| Trop vs Dulles 356 US 86 (1958) | — | 226 |
| Twinning vs New Jersey US 78 (1908) | — | 184 |
| Udeh vs FRN (2001) 5 NWLR (pt.706) 312 | — | 276 |
| Union of Indian vs Mohm. Sadiq Rather (1993) 1 Cr.LR 157 at 159 (SC) | — | 236 |
| United States vs Campbell (5th cir.1999) 178 F 3d 345 | — | 234 |
| United States vs Morrison 120 sct 1740 (2000) | — | 226 |
| United States vs Place (1983) 430 US 2 | — | 235 |
| United States vs Rodrigues – Morales (1st cri.1991) 929. F.2d 780 | — | 229 |
| United States vs Sokolow (1989) 490 US 1 | — | 234 |
| Usman vs Kaduna State House sof Assembly (2007) 11 NWLR (pt.1044) | — | 285 |
| Uso vs COP (1972) 11 SC 37 | — | 106, 266 |
| UTB vs Dolmetsch Pharmacy (Nig.) Ltd. (1912) 15 CLR 679 | — | 273 |
| UTB vs DP (Nig.) Ltd. (2008) Vol.156 LRCN 197 | — | 284 |
| Uzodinma vs COP (1983) 3 NCLR 325 | — | 164 |
| Uzoukwu & Ors vs Ezeonu 11 & Ors (1991) 6 NWLR (pt.200) 763 | — | 45 |
| Ward vs Chief Constable of Avon and Somerset Constabulary (1986) The Times | — | 29 |
| Wilkerson vs Utah 99 US 130 (1978) | — | 226 |
| Wiltshire vs Barrett (1965) 2 ALLER 271 | — | 200 |
| Wright vs McCann 387 F.20 519 (2d cir.1967) 526 | — | 163 |
TABLE OF STATUTES
| PAGE | ||
| STATUTE | ||
| The Nigerian Child Rights’ Act 2003 | — | 140 |
| Akwa Ibom State High Court (Civil Procedure) Rules 2009
Order 10 Rule 11 |
— |
283 |
| Akwa Ibom State Child Rights Law 2008 | — | 135, 138, 140 |
| Lagos State Trafficking in Persons (Prohibition)
Law Enforcement and Administration 2003 |
— | 104 |
| Lagos State | ||
| Administration of Criminal Justice Law 2007 | — | 104 |
| Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1960 (repealed) | 63 | |
| Section 21 | — | 63 |
| Sections 99 – 103 | — | 63 |
| Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1963
(Republican Constitution) (repealed) |
— | 63, 239 |
| Chapter VII ss. III – 128 | — | 63 |
| Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1979 (repealed) | 63 | |
| Ss.6(5)(e)and(f) Sections 23 – 33 | — | 63 |
| Section 194 | — | 63 |
| Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999
(as amended) |
31, 109 | |
| Sections 1 – 6 | — | 59 |
| Sections 33 – 39 | — | 44, 108 |
| Sections 40 – 46 | — | 46, 61, 154 |
| Section 153 – 175 | — | 165 |
| Section 211 – 215 | — | 7, 61, 246 |
| Sections 241 – 284 | — | 240 |
| Criminal Code Cap C.38 LFN 2010 | ||
| Sections 20 – 60 | — | 165 |
| Sections 86 – 100 | — | 165 |
| Sections 101 – 260 | — | 187 |
| Sections 261 – 276 | — | 163, 164, 238 |
| Sections 277 – 298 | — | 163, 164 238 |
| Criminal Procedure Act Cap41 LFN 2010 | ||
| Sections 3 – 9 | — | 61 |
| Sections 10 – 20 | — | 7, 61 |
| Sections 21 – 30 | — | 165 |
| Sections 50 – 118 | — | 210 |
| Sections 245 – 260 | — | 104, 164 |
| Sections 261 – 286 | — | 63 |
| Section 298 | — | 165 |
| Section 358 | — | 165 |
| Section 452 – 456 | — | 63 |
| Criminal Procedure Code CAP C42 LFN 2010 | ||
| Section 2 – 26 | — | 7, 61 |
| Section 42 – 55 | — | 61, 62 |
| Section 56 – 78 | — | 104, 204 |
| Evidence Act CAP E14 (2011) LFN 2010 | ||
| Sections 137 (3), & 175 | — | 164, 165 |
| Federal High Court (Civil Procedure) Rules 2009 | 283 | |
| Order 9 Rule II | — | 283 |
| Force Order | 186 | |
| Order No. 237 | — | 186 |
| Fundamental Rights (Enforcement Procedure) Rules 2009 | 156, 160 | |
| Order1 Rules (1-6), | — | 156 |
| Order 1(11) – XV | — | 156 |
| Order II (5) & (6) | — | 156 |
| Order IV Rules 3, 4 & 6 | — | 156, 158, 160 |
| Interpretation Act, Cap C123 LFN 2010 | 206 | |
| Section 18 (1) | — | 206 |
| Oaths Act Cap 01 2010 LFN | 197 | |
| Section 58 | — | 197 |
| Penal Code Cap P3 2010 LFN | 165 | |
| Sections 45 – 49 | — | 165, 184 |
| Sections 50 – 51 | — | 165 |
| Section 78 | — | 165 |
| Police Act and Regulations Cap P19 LFN 2010 | — | 7 |
| Section 4 – 22 | — | 7, 202 |
| Sections 23 – 30 | — | 9, 61, 197 |
| Sections 31 – 36 | — | 197 |
| Sections 268 – 280 | — | 206 |
| Sections 339 – 349 | — | 238, 246 |
| Sections 352 – 358 | — | 246 |
| Sections 364 – 366 | — | 247 |
| Sections 369 – 393 | 206, 214 | |
| Indian Constitution 1949 | 179 | |
| Articles 21, 22 (1) | — | 179 |
| UNITED KINGDOM | ||
| Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) (as amended in 2011) | 180 | |
| Sections 24 | — | 215 |
| Sections 25 | — | 215 |
| Sections 28 – 34 | — | 184 |
| Part IV | — | 219 |
| Code of Practice (incorporated in PACE 1984) ‘C’ Part IV | — | 218 |
| Section 36 | — | 219 |
| Sections 37 – 67 | — | 205, 214 |
| Sections 241 – 247 | — | 180, 205, 214 |
| Magistrates Court’s Act 1980 | — | 180, 218 |
| Sections 1 – 28 | — | 205 |
| Sections 55,76,93 & 97 | — | 180 |
| Section 125 | — | 180, 218 |
| Other UK statutes include, | ||
| Criminal Justice Act 1988 | — | 136 |
| Crown Prosecution Service Children’s Charter: Draft for Public Consultation 2005 | — | 136 |
| The Air Force Act 1955 | — | 218 |
| The Army Act 1955 | — | 218 |
| The Criminal Law Act 1977 | — | 188 |
| The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 | — | 218 |
| The Children and Young Persons’ Act 1969 | — | 218 |
| The Bail Act 1976 | — | 218 |
| The Immigration Act 1971 | — | 218 |
| The Military Lands Act 1892 | — | 218 |
| The Prison Act 1952 | — | 218 |
| The Protection of Animal Act 1911 | — | 218 |
| The Public Order Act 1986 | — | 218 |
| UK Code for Crown Prosecutors, 2004 | — | 136 |
| Youth Justice & Criminal Evidence Act | — | 136 |
| UNITED STATES | ||
| US Constitution 1787 (as amended) & (reprinted 2007) 110 Congress 1st Session Doc. No. 110-50 | — | 81 |
| The Fourth Amendment | — | 180, 222 |
| The Fifth Amendment | — | 180,222 |
| The Sixth Amendment | — | 180, 222 |
| The Eight Amendment | — | 180, 222 |
| The Fourteenth Amendment | — | 222 |
| US Patriot Act 2001 | — | 225 |
| Alaskas’s Constitution Rights of Crime Victims Act S.24 | — | 136 |
| The Act of Settlement 1701 | — | 80 |
| The Habeas Corpus Act 1679 | — | 80 |
| The Justice for All Act 2004 | — | 100, 128 |
| The Bill of Rights 1689 | — | 80 |
| The Petition of Rights 1628 | — | 80 |
| The Justice Assistance Act 1984 | — | 100 |
| The Mandatory Victims’ Restitution Act 1996 | — | 100 |
| The Victim of Child’s Abuse Act 1990 | — | 100 |
| The Victims’ of Crime Act 1984 | — | 99, 128 |
| The Victims’ Rights and Restitution Act 1990 | — | 100 |
| The Violence against Women’s Act 1994 | — | 100 |
| The Trafficking Victims’ Protection Act 2000 | — | 100 |
| The U S Crimes and Criminal Procedure Code 18 USC No. 3771 | — | 111, 127 |
| American Convention on International Traffiking on Minors | — | 133 |
| Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture | — | 133 |
| United States Code Collection Titles 18 chap.223 & chap. 244 | — | 136 |
| Colorado’s Children’s Code Title 19 | — | 136 |
| INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL INSTRUMENTS | ||
| Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 (UDHR) | — | 4, 13, 65 |
| Proclamation Clause 1 | — | 65 |
| Preamble Clauses 1 – 3 | — | 65, 144 |
| Articles 1 – 14 | — | 66, 144 |
| Articles 15 -19 | — | 68 |
| Articles 20 – 28 | — | 68 |
| UNGA Res40/34 United Nations Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power (1985) | — | 4, 13, 115 |
| Res.40/34 | — | 17 |
| Part ‘A’ | 17 | |
| Article 1 – 5 | — | 17, 115 |
| Articles 6 – 12 | — | 115, 118 |
| Articles 13 – 17 | — | 116, 118 |
| Part ‘B’ | — | 116, 118 |
| Articles 18 – 20 | — | 116, 118 |
| Article 21 | — | 116, 118 |
| African Union Documents | ||
| The Constitutive Act of the African Union
1 July 2000. |
— | 152 |
| Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Establishment of an African Court of Human and Peoples’ Rights. OAU DOC/LEG/MIN? AFCHPR/PRO (111) 1998. | — | 151 |
| The Protocol to African Court 2004. | — | |
| — | ||
| Protocol on the Status of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights. | — | 153 |
| Protocol on the Amendments to the Protocol on the Status of the African Court of Human and Peopls’ Rights 2012. | — | 154 |
| African Charter on Human and People’ Rights | 4, 6, 13 | |
| Articles 1- 14 | — | 132 |
| Articles 15 – 29 | — | 132, 149 |
| Articles 30 – 38 | — | 132, 150 |
| Articles 43 – 48 | — | 149 |
| Article 49 – 68 | — | 149 |
| American Convention on Human Rights 1969 | — | 133 |
| The Rome Statute of International Criminal Court, UNTS. Vol.2187 No.38544 of July 17, 1988, | 134 | |
| Article 36 para.8(b); Art.42 para.9; Art.54 para.1 (b) | — | 134 |
| Rules and Procedure of ICC. Rule 1 (3) | — | 135 |
| United Nations Resolutions and other Treaties | — | |
| Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners: Economic and Social Council Resolution No.663C (xxiv) of July 31, 1955, and 2076 (LXII) of 13 July 1977. | — | 131 |
| International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination: UNGA Res 2106(xx) adopted on 21 December, 1965, entered into force 4 January 1969 | — | 68 |
| United Nations, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), UNGA Res.2200 A (xxi) of December 16, 1966, entered into force on 23 March 1976. | — | 46, 67 |
| United Nations, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) UNGA Res 2200. A (xxi) of December 16, 1966, entered into force 3 January, 1976. | — | 46, 67 |
| Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: UNGA Res.34/180, adopted on December 18, 1979, entered into force 3 September 1981. | — | 68 |
| Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, UNGA/RES34/169 of February 5, 1980, – Art.3. | — | 186 |
| — | ||
| Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment Dec. 31, 1984. 10 S. Treaty Doc.No.100.20.1465 UNTS 85. | — | 68 |
| United Nations, (1986) Declaration on the Right to Development UNGA Res.41/128, December 4. | — | 68 |
| Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under any Form of Detention or Imprisonment. UNGA Res.43/173 of December 9, 1988. | — | 113, 228 |
| United Nations, (1989). Convention on the Rights of the Child: UNGA Res.44/25 of November 20, entered into force on 2 September 1990. | — | 68 |
| International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their families (MWC) UNGA Res.45/158 adopted December18, 1990. | — | 68 |
| The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action. UNGA Res 48/41 adopted on December 20, 1993. | — | 70, 74 |
| Handbook on Justice for Victims on the Use and Application of the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power 1999. | — | 13, 115 |
| Handbook on Justice for Victims, United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention, New York 1999. | — | 5 |
| Convention against Transnational Organised Crime (UNTOC) UNGA Res 55/25 of November 15, 2000. | — | 113 |
| The Development of Laws for theProtection of Victims 2000. | — | 23, 28 |
| Protection of Rights of Victims of Crime and Human Rights Violations 2002 (Chapters 1 – 16). | — | 6, 46 |
| Protection and Redress for Victims of Crime and Human Rights Violation, United Nations, Geneva Switzerland, 2003. (Chapter 15). | — | 6, 46 |
| UNGA A/60/L1 20, The World Summit Outcome September 2005. | — | 69 |
| Human Rights Fact Sheet Nos 29 and 32,
United Nations, New York 2008. |
— | 115 |
| Victims of Torture and Access to Justice: A Primer. 2009. | — | 45 |
| What it is What it does, How it Works? United Nations, Geneva (2008). | — | 116 |
| Handbook for Professionals and Policymakers on Justice in Matters involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime 2009. | — | 16, 119, 131 |
| Res. 1977/30 Guidelines for Action on Children in the criminal Justice, Economic and Social Council annex | — | 131 |
| Res.40/33 (annex) United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (the Beijing Rules). | — | 131 |
| Res. 43/173 United Nations Body Principles for the Protection of all Persons under any form of Detention or Imprisonment. | — | 228 |
| Res.45/112 United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Deliquency (the Rijadh Guidelines). | — | 131 |
| Res 45/113 United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles deprived of their liberty. | — | 131 |
| Res. 2995120 Guidelines on Justice in Matters involving Child Victim and Witness of Crime. | — | 16, 119, 131 |
| United Nations Treaty Series: | ||
| UNTS Vols. 2225, 2237, 2241 and 2326 UN Convention against Transnational organized Crime and the Protocol thereto. | — | 113, 132 |
| UNTS Vol. 1577 No.27531. The Convention on the Right of the Child. | — | 132 |
| UNTS Vol. 2349 No. 42146. The UN Convention against Corruption. | — | 132 |
| European Convention on the Compensation of Victims of Crime 1983 | — | 102, 111 |
| Preamble | — | 122 |
| Articles.1-10 | — | 122 |
| Articles 11 – 12 | — | 123 |
| Article 13 | — | 123 |
| Article 14 | — | 123 |
| Articless 15 – 20 | — | 123 |
| Council Recommendation No. (R 85/11) 1985 | — | 6, 96, 123 |
| Preambles 2 – 3 | — | 124 |
| Preamble 4 ‘D’ | — | 124 |
| Preamble 7 | — | 124 |
| Part ‘A’ Articles 5-6 | — | 124 |
| Part ‘C’ Article 8 | — | 124 |
| Part ‘D’ Articles 9 – 13 | — | 124 |
| Part G’ Article 16 | — | 124 |
| Part 2 (1) & (2) | — | 124 |
| Part II | — | 125 |
| Articles 1-8 | — | 125 |
| Articles 9-16 | — | 125 |
| Council Rec. No. R (79) 17(1979) on Protection of Children against ill-treatment | — | 127 |
| Council Rec. No. R (85) 4 (1985) on Violence in the Family | — | 127 |
| Council Rec. No R (87) 21 (1987) on Assistance to Victims and the Prevention of Victimisation | — | 103, 126 |
| Council Rec. No. R (1065) 1987on Traffic on Children and other forms of exploitation | — | 127 |
| Council Rec. No. R (90) 2 (1990) on Social Measures concerning Violence in the Family | — | 127 |
| Council Rec. No. R (1371) 1998 on the Abuse and Neglect of Children. | — | 127 |
| Council Rec. No. R 16 (2001) on the Protection of Children against sexual exploitation | — | 127 |
| Council Rec. (2001/220/JHA) of 15 March, 2001, Framework Decision on the Standing of Victims in Criminal Proceedings | — | 103, 126, 135 |
| ANCIENT CODES | ||
| Hammurabi’s Code (2000 Before The Common Era BCE) | — | 23, 75, 77 |
| Laws 1 – 6 | — | 76, 77 |
| Laws 23 & 24 | — | 76 |
| Magna Carta (1215) | — | 25, 79 |
| Clauses 4 & 29 | — | 80 |
| Clause 38 | — | 80 |
| The Twelve Tables (450 BCE) | — | 24 |
ABBREVIATIONS
Art/Arts – Article/Articles
Crim – Criminal
Edn – Edition
Ed/s – Editor/Editors
Para/s – Paragraph/Paragraphs
Pt/pts – Part/Parts
Rep – Report
Res – Resolution
Rev – Review
S/SS – Section/Sections
Vol/Vols – Volume/Volumes
ALL ER – All England Law Report
ALL NLR – All Nigerian Law Report.
ANLR – All Nigerian Law Report (Reprinted)
AC – Appeal Cases
BCC – British Company Law cases
AIR – All India Reporters
BCLR – Butterworth’s Constitutional Law Report
Ch. – Chancery Law Report
CHR – Case on Human Rights
CLR – Common Wealth Law Report
CMLR – Criminal Market Law Reports
Cr. App R – Criminal Appeal Report
DPSP – Directive Principles of State Policy
ICC – International Criminal Court
ER – English Report
Eur – European
EWHC – High Court Chancery Division
ECHR – European Court of Human rights
EU.ct.HR – European Court of Human Rights
FLR – Federation Law Report
FHCLR – Federal High Court Law Report
FREP – Fundamental Rights (Enforcement Procedure) Rules
HRLRA – Human Rights Law Report of Africa
ICCPR – International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
ICESCR – International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
ICPC – Independent Corrupt Practices Commission
LRCN – Laws Report of Court of Nigeria
LRCNCC – Law Report of Court of Nigeria Criminal Cases
PIL – Public Interest Litigation
PCA – President of the Court of Appeal
PSCR – Pakistani Supreme Court Report
NCLR – Nigerian Constitutional Law Report
NRNLR – Northern Nigeria Law Report
NWLR – Nigeria Weekly Law Report
NSCQR – Nigerian Supreme Court Quarterly Report
SAN – Senior Advocate of Nigeria
SC – Supreme Court Report (selected judgments (Nig.)
SCC – Supreme Court Cases India
SCN – Supreme Court of Nigeria Law Report
SCNL – Supreme Court of Nigeria Law Report
SCR – Supreme Court Reporter (India)
S.ct. – US Supreme Court Reporter
SERAC – Social and Economic Rights Action Centre
UNGA – United Nations General Assembly
WACA – Selected judgments of the West African Court of Appeal
WRN – Weekly Report of Nigeria
WRNLR – Western Region of Nigeria Law Report
UNTOC – United Nation Convention against Transnational Organised Crime
CJC – Chief Justice of Nigeria
CON – Commander of the Order of the Niger
GCON – Grand Commander of the Order of the Niger
AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
HIV – Human Immune Deficiency Virus
NAVSS – National Association of Victims’ Support Scheme (England)
NOVA – National Organisation for Victims’ Assistance (USA)
OVC – Office for Victims’ of Crime
VOCA – Victims’ of Crime Act
Law Project topic on Protection and redress for victims of crime in Nigeria: an appraisal of the roles of the police and the court
