Bacteriological Assessment Of Selected Borehole Water Samples In Ilorin Metropolis

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BACTERIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF SELECTED BOREHOLE WATER SAMPLES IN ILORIN METROPOLIS

Abstract

The study carried out bacteriological assessment of selected borehole water samples in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State.  A descriptive, cross sectional study design was employed and a multistage sampling technique was used to select a total of 170 boreholes and 580 household heads that depend on the boreholes as their source of domestic water supply. Data was collected by administering a semi structured, researcher administered questionnaire, on the household heads, water from selected boreholes for laboratory analysis and a check list was used measure adherence of boreholes to standards.  Data was analyzed electronically using the Statistical package for Scientific Solution (SPSS) version 15 and Computer Program for Epidemiology (PEPI), with statistical significance set at P <0.05. Findings revealed  that water from boreholes in Ilorin metropolis  was relatively safe for domestic purpose, except for the low fluoride content. In terms of site and construction, boreholes were generally good. However, the owner/users of boreholes lacked knowledge and hardly practiced standards for ideal boreholes. The study recommended that families using borehole water as domestic water begin to use topical fluoride gel to prevent against dental caries.

 

 

Chapter 1

1.0 Introduction

 

1.1         Background to Study.

Water is a simple molecule, consisting of two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom with molecular formula H2O (Bassem, 2013). It is one of the most important chemical substances for the sustenance of life and is vital for all known forms of life on Earth; It constitutes about 75% of the Earth`s surface (Hongyue etal., 2013). In terms of sheer volume, about 97.5% of all the water on Earth is salt water, only 2.5% of all the water on Earth is fresh water and 98.8% of that fresh water is frozen in Antarctica and Greenland icecaps or lies too deep underground to be accessible; only 1.2%of the Earth’s freshwater is available for withdrawal and human use (Bassem, 2013). However, this is continually being polluted by various anthropogenic activities thereby further reducing the available freshwater for human use.

Water is an essential natural resource required by all living organisms. However among these living organisms,
human beings tend to use water most for the purposes of drinking, personal, domestic, industrial and recreational uses (Igbeneghu and Lamikanra 2014). Nigeria like other developing nations is faced with problems of potable water supply for its estimated 160 million citizens (Adesiji 2013).

According to Oyedeji et al. (2010), water borne diseases are one of the major public health related problems in developing countries like Nigeria. The ever increasing pollution  of groundwater  through  anthropogenic activities  of human beings , therefore, poses significant public health risks to the citizens especially individuals with compromised immune systems (Mgbakor et al. 2011). Most owners of borehole water in Nigeria  do not follow specified standards due to lack of the appropriate water drilling technology (Oluyege et al. 2014).
Hence,  from a public health perspective, there is a need to ascertain the quality of water accessible to the residents to avoid or reduce incidence of contaminated water-related health hazards. Based on this, the study was undertaken to assess the  bacteriological quality  of selected borehole water samples in Ilorin Metropolis . The study is relevant in assuring whether the quality of borehole  water meet the regulatory standards because  water is essential to life.

 

1.2       Statement of Research Problem

Estimate of the global burden of water associated human diseases provide a simple index hiding a complex reality. World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that worldwide some 2.2 million people die each year from diarrhoeal related diseases. For an estimated88% of diarrheal cause, the underlying cause is unsafe water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene (WHO, 2008; Mosier et al., 2012). Water borne diseases continue to be one of the major health problems in developing nations, including Nigeria.

This study was, therefore, carried out to compile nationally and internationally published articles in order to summarize and compare occurrence of fecal indicator bacteria and potential water borne bacterial pathogens in borehole water samples in Ilorin  metropolis.  So also analyze the physiochemical properties of the sampled water to check if they conform with the standard to ensure their safety

  • Research Questions

The research questions to be addressed in this work include :

  • What is the bacterial status of groundwater in Ilorin metropolis?
  • Does the bacterial status of groundwater in Ilorin metropolis measure up to the general standard for coliform bacteria acceptable limit.

1.4 Aims and Objectives 

The general  objective of this study was to The study carried out bacteriological assessment  of selected borehole water samples in Ilorin Metropolis.

The specific objectives of the study are;

  • To analyze bacterial status of groundwater in Ilorin metropolis.
  • To relate the bacterial status of groundwater in Ilorin metropolis with the general standard for coliform bacteria acceptable limit.

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study gives a clear insight into the physiochemical and microbial analysis of water sold in Ilorin Metropolis . The findings and recommendations of these research will enlighten consumers on how safe the water samples are and may also help the concerned regulatory bodies on the safety of borehole water samples in Ilorin Metropolis .

1.6 Scope of the Study

This research focuses on bacteriological assessment  of selected borehole water samples in Ilorin Metropolis. The study  investigated the microbial,  physical  and chemical  properties  of selected borehole water samples in the area.

BACTERIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF SELECTED BOREHOLE WATER SAMPLES IN ILORIN METROPOLIS

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