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EXERCISE TRAINING IN PREGNANCY REDUCES OFFSPRING SIZE WITHOUT CHANGES IN MATERNAL INSULIN SENSITIVITY
Abstract
CONTEXT:
Epidemiological studies have identified the importance of the in utero environment in providing a healthy start to life. Previous studies have suggested that the maternal environment, in particular a reduction in maternal insulin sensitivity, contributes significantly to fetal growth. Regular aerobic exercise, through an effect on maternal insulin sensitivity, may influence offspring size by regulating nutrient supply to the fetus.
OBJECTIVE:
The aim of the study was to determine the effects of aerobic exercise training in the second half of pregnancy on maternal insulin sensitivity and neonatal outcomes.
DESIGN AND SETTING:
We conducted a community-based, randomized, controlled trial of exercise in pregnancy.
PARTICIPANTS:
Eighty-four healthy nulliparous women (mean +/- sd, age, 30 +/- 4 yr; body mass index, 25.5 +/- 4 kg/m(2)) participated in the study.
INTERVENTION:
Subjects participated in a home-based stationary cycling program from 20 wk gestation to delivery.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Maternal insulin sensitivity, neonatal auxology, body composition, and growth-related peptides in cord blood were measured.
RESULTS:
Offspring of exercisers had lower birth weight (sd score, control, 0.23 +/- 0.8; exercise, -0.19 +/- 0.9; P = 0.03) and body mass index at birth (sd score, control, 0.40 +/- 0.9; exercise, -0.01 +/- 0.09; P = 0.04). The reduction in maternal insulin sensitivity in late gestation was not affected by exercise (P = 0.45) and was unrelated to offspring size. Exercise offspring had lower cord serum IGF-I (P = 0.03) and IGF-II (P = 0.04).
CONCLUSIONS:
Regular exercise was associated with lower birth weights and reduced cord concentrations of growth-related peptides, suggesting an influence of exercise on endocrine regulation of fetal growth. These effects on offspring growth were not associated with an exercise training effect on maternal insulin sensitivity.
Title Page———i
Certification——–ii
Dedication———iii
Acknowledgement——-iv
Abstract ———vi
Table of Content——–vii
Chapter One
1.0 Introduction ——-1
1.1 Statement of Problem——4
1.2 Purpose of the Study——5
1.3 Significance of Study——8
1.4 Limitation——–9
1.5 Scope of Study——-11
Chapter Two
2.0 Review of Related Literature —-12
2.6 Summary of Literature Review—- 19
Chapter Three
3.0 Research Methodology and Procedure—22
3.1 Population ——–22
3.2 Sample and Sampling Technique—-22
3.3 Validation of the Instrument —-23
3.4 Reliability of the Instrument —–23
3.5 Data Analysis——-23
Chapter Four
4.0 Presentation and Discussion of Result—24
4.1 Analysis and interpretaion of Data—25
4.2 Discussion of Results——38
Chapter Five
5.0. Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendation –40
5.1 Summary——–40
5.2 Conclusion——–41
5.3 Recommendation——42
References ———45
Appendix 1——–47
Appendix ———50
