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THE ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS (A CASE STUDY OF COMMUNITY SELF-HELP ORGANIZATION IN AWGU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA)
This research work is designed primarily to examine and assess the roles being played by non-governmental organizations in the development of rural areas. The work is also designed to identify the causes of the low rate of involvement of non-governmental organizations in development activities and the possible ways of making them more ideally effective. The study was carried out principally on community self-help organizations in the Awgu local government area. A total population of 100 was selected as a sample size through simple random sampling techniques. Primary and secondary sources of data collectively were used by the researcher which includes oral interviews and questionnaires, textbooks, journals, documents, and newspapers. The researcher designed one hundred and twenty (120) questionnaires but one hundred (100) were selected and retrieved. Statistical tools were also used for this research work. Questionnaires were employed in carrying out this research based on their historical nature. The relevant information that helped and served as the foundation and construction of the questionnaires was the theory of development and rural development and related literature based on the roles of non-governmental organizations in the development of rural areas. Conclusively, the lack of basic infrastructure and the problems of inadequate orientation reduce the number of projects being carried out by the development of rural areas. The government should endeavor to provide our rural areas with basic social amenities so that these non-governmental organizations will not be discouraged by the alarming financial constraints that could mar the provision of these amenities before the operation of their organizations.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page ——————————————– i
Approval ——————————————— ii
Dedication——————————————- iii
Acknowledgements——————————— iv
Abstract———————————————- vi
Table of contents———————————– viii
CHAPTER ONE
- Introduction ———————————- 1
1.1 Background of the study——————– 5
1.2 Statement of the problem——————- 8
1.3 Purpose of the study————————- 9
1.4 Significance of the study——————– 10
1.5 Research questions ————————- 11
1.6 Scope of the study————————— 12
1.7 Limitation of the study ——————— 12
1.8 Definition of the terms ——————— 13
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- Introduction ——————————– 15
2.1 The Concept of Non-governmental Organization 15
2.2 The Concept of Rural Development——– 24
2.3 Registration of Non-Governmental Organization 26
2.4 Importance of Registering an NGO ——— 27
2.5 Types of Non-Governmental Organization – 29
2.6 Objectives of Rural Development ———— 33
2.7 Community Self-Help in Development —— 34
2.8 Non-Governmental Organization as a means
to improve Rural Development ————— 39
2.9 Summary of Literature Review ————— 41
CHAPTER THREE
- Research Methodology————————– 42
3.1 Brief outline of the study ———————- 42
3.2 Design of the study—————————– 43
3.3 Area of the study——————————- 43
3.4 Population of the study———————– 43
3.5 Sample of the study————————— 44
3.6 Instrument for data collection ————– 44
3.7 Validation of the instrument —————- 45
3.8 Distribution and Retrieval of Instrument — 45
3.7 Method of data analysis———————– 46
CHAPTER FOUR
-
Data Presentation and Analysis ———— 47
- Presentation of Findings ———————- 47
- Findings —————————————– 59
CHAPTER FIVE
Summary of Findings, Conclusion, and Recommendation
5.0 Summary of findings————————— 60
5.1 Conclusion ————————————– 63
5.2 Recommendations —————————– 65
References ————————————– 67
Appendix —————————————- 69
Questionnaire ———————————- 70
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Over the years, successive Non-Governmental Organization Agencies in Nigeria have demonstrated appreciable interest in the provision of amenities to both the rural and urban populations of the country. The interest shown by this non-governmental organizational agency could be derived from their genuine intention of uplifting the living standard of the people. There is therefore no gain in saying the fact that there have been some noticeable increases in educational institutions, health care centers, road constructions, water supply, and so on as they strive to impress the people. Experience has shown that the provision and maintenance of amenities cannot be handled by the government alone because it will be too onerous for the government to satisfy the needs of all communities, bearing in mind the limitation of time and resources. It is, therefore, necessary for the agencies of government to educate the people to appreciate the fact that the transformation of their country for the enhancement of their standard of living should be a joint responsibility between the rural areas and the government or its agencies. This is why a series of reforms and restructuring has been undertaken at the local government level, all in an attempt to make it more responsive to the yearnings and aspirations of the people. It is also aimed at evolving an efficient and functional administrative and resource allocation system that will make for rapid growth and modernization of rural areas.
The impact of Non-Governmental Organizational Agencies (NGOs) in rural development has attracted the attention of some great scholars. Nnoli (1981) refers to development as “a natural fact in which the individuals and society interact with their physical, biological and inter-human environment transforming them for their benefit and that of humanity at large”.
Also, Aroh (1997) viewed rural development as a process whereby rural dwellers come together to perform various functions to give a facelift to their immediate environment or rural area.
Also Obasi, Oko, and Nnamdi Erondu (2010) viewed rural development as the improvement of the living standard of the people of low-income populations residing in rural areas and making the process of their development self-sustaining. The United Nations Children Rural (1995) perceives NGOs as organizations or loose associations that are composed of people working together to address a need. They give basic elements of NGO’s.
- An NGO is primarily an intermediate organization that is development-oriented.
- Non – profit oriented
- Non-government in terms of organization, membership, and funding
- A voluntary organization.
In all, a Non-Governmental Organization agency’s role in rural development is aimed at making people self-reliant, and able to participate in national development. It also ensures that both the rural and urban areas the provision of the necessary assistance, like funds, legal and structural framework, and technical and managerial expertise necessary for the programs (Aroh, 2002).
- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The study was carried out in Awgu Local Government Area of Enugu State in Nigeria. The local government area occupies an area of about 200 square kilometers with an estimated population of 8,000 people (NPC, 1991). The local Government is bounded in the east by Orji Local Government, in the South by Udi Local Government, in the West by Abia State, and the North by Ani-nri Local Government.
In this very local government which is Awgu more than 90% (90 percent) of the inhabitants living in the rural area of the local government area are Igbo who are mainly from Enugu while the remaining percentage are people from other parts of the country who must have come to settle in the area for the search of green pastures, such as farming, trading, schooling and business. The local government comprises of different communities like Agbo-Ogwugwu, Mgbidi, Mmaku, Ihe, Ituku, Ozalla, Owerre Court, Mpu, etc. The occupations of the people were teaching, farming, trading, civil servants, etc. The Awgu co-operative Union was formed in 1980 and it is one of the first co-operatives formed in that area during that period and it’s aim is to help to improve the living standard of the people by indulging them in contributing money which is likely known as (Isusu) so that any member that needs capital can take a loan from the cooperative and later pay back without interest. After the 1980 co-operative came another one in (1982) which is called the Umuene Co-operative After that came another one in 1986 named the Umuanioke Co-operative and all this tended towards enhancing the living standard of the rural dwellers and making life easier for them. This union has been noted to be a well-recognized union of the development of rural areas and also has helped in extending arms to the less privileged in the rural areas. There was a remarkable thing done by the Awgu Co-operative Union in September (2002) they bought chairs and desks for the whole primary school in the Awgu Local Government Area, In December 2004 the Awgu Co-operative donated bags of rice and wrappers to the widows in the rural areas. The Agwu history is something one cannot forget in haste, The people of Awgu are people of integrity, honesty, and responsibility, I was told the Awgu people are known for their hard work, zeal to help one another, and spirit of oneness and believe in teamwork from the above indication it means that they live a life worthy of emulation.
- STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Through the rural dwellers, non-governmental organizations have continued to play a significant role in rural development by producing food and agricultural raw materials for export and local consumptions but yet so many rural areas still lack the basic amenities of life such as good roads, postal services, and communication e.g. MTN Network, Nitel, Glo, Airtel, Etisalat, etc Anyanwu (1981). The imbalance in the provision of these basic amenities and infrastructural between the rural and urban areas has occasioned an unprecedented rural-urban daft with depressive effects on the rural economy which the facts have been established in a way whereby the non-governmental organizational agencies are constrained in their efforts to provide citizens with all the required social and basic amenities for comfortable living Anyanwu (1992). The truth is that non-governmental organizations have been established by various community members, who came together to complement the effort government.
- PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The main purpose of this study is to highlight the role of the Awgu co-operative Development Union, and Awgu local government while the specific objectives of the research work are:
- To ascertain the personal characteristics of each member of the Awgu co-operative Development Union, Awgu.
- To ascertain the level of contributions of non-governmental organizations for rural development.
- To examine the structure of the development union.
- To identify the constraints encountered by the Awgu co-operative Development Union in their rural development effort.
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The importance of this study is to ascertain the benefit of Ngo’s to the society. It also includes the beneficiaries which means those who benefit from these studies and they are:- Teachers, Students, Farmers, Communities/Villagers, and society at large.
However, it is important to note the immense contribution made by Ngo towards enhancing the standard of living of the people and also reducing the burden of over-dependency on the Government.
- RESEARCH QUESTIONS
To achieve the objective of this research work the following research questions are designed to advise:
- What are the contributions of non-governmental organizations and agencies in rural development in Awgu local government?
- To what extent are people in the rural area involved in the development of their area?
- In what ways are the people of the community involved in deciding on the maintenance of their area?
- To what extent are the people of the rural area initiating programs and projects for the development of the rural areas?
- SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study is the impact of non-governmental organizations in rural development with particular reference to the Awgu Co-operative Union in Awgu Local Government Area of Enugu State as a yardstick for another state of Nigeria as regards to development of rural areas.
- LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
In carrying out this research work I encountered so many obstacles. There were difficulties in getting the respondents because most of them have gone to farm and some to market etc.
Some of them were afraid of feeding me with the proper information because to them they were selling out the secret of their community or area. I lacked the financial resources which affected the research negatively.
- DEFINITION OF TERMS
To give easy comprehension of the entire research, it is required that some terms of importance used should be defined. Such terms are as follows: –
Government: This can be defined as an institution of a state whereby the interests, welfare, and needs of the citizens are been protected.
Organization: This is defined as a highly rationalized of persons cooperating to announce and achieve a specific goal.
Community: Referred to as a relatively small isolated center with a stable population in which all economic and social services necessary for life can be realized.
Rural: A part of society that is relatively more natural than artificial.
Development: It involves improvement, progression, enhancement, and change in the economic, social sociocultural, infrastructure, and politics of a state, development is a multidimensional change in nature and attitudes of one’s life.
Role: It is referred to as the objectives.
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