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DESIGN OF A SMART MICRO-GRID USING HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES – A CASE STUDY OF FUTO CAMPUS
ABSTRACT
The importance of designing a smart micro-grid to properly synergize existing electric grid infrastructure and renewable energy facilities with energy management strategies at both supply and consumer ends cannot be over-emphasized. The present state of electricity infrastructure in Nigeria face a number of challenges including increased demand amidst ageing infrastructure and difficulty in integrating reliable and economic energy sources to ensure security of supply and less impact on the environment. At the same time, the choice of fossil fuel (petrol and diesel) generators as the main power source has become increasingly hard to justify in terms of cost and impact on the environment. Consequently, the growth of several sectors of the economy ranging from agriculture, commerce and industry, education, health, telecommunications and community services have been grossly impeded by this problem. Attempts have been made to alleviate this problem, especially with the choice of renewable energy sources; some of which have recorded some degree of success, but still have their limitations. This research work is focused on the educational sector and studies will be based on designing a smart micro-grid that will link various renewable plants with the existing infrastructure in a university environment (hybrid), and also monitor and control the system characteristics, such as load demand, plant-side and consumer-side energy management, load schedule and the costs of generation and consumption. A workable smart micro-grid architecture was realized and algorithms and programs developed for key parameters of the micro-grid, especially geared towards plant-side and consumer-side energy management. The impact of integrating the proposed renewable facilities on the existing infrastructure was assessed using Voltage Stability Analysis toolbox of MATLAB software as it was observed that integrating the proposed hybrid plants will improve the voltage profile of the already existing network with real and reactive power values improved to 0.00578 p.u and 0.11557 p.u respectively and accommodation of additional 4.1887 p.u loads without causing a collapse in the network. Also, a pricing policy was developed to determine when the management can expect a return on investment. Results show the feasibility of breaking even after two years of installation and commissioning.
Keywords: Hybrid, Micro-grid, Smart, Renewable, Distributed Generation, Energy Management.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables x
List of Figures xi
List of Abbreviations xiv
Abstract xvi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Information 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Objectives of Study 3
1.4 Justification of Study 4
1.5 Scope of Scope 4
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 The FUTO Community 6
2.2 Historical Development of the Electricity Grid 7
2.3 Micro-grid 9
2.3.1 Distributed Generation (DG) Sources 10
2.3.2 Distributed Storage Systems 12
2.4 Hybrid Power Plants 13
2.4.1 Electricity Generation Coupled At the DC Bus Line 15
2.4.2 Electricity Generation Coupled At AC Bus Line: 15
2.4.3 Electricity Generation Coupled At AC/DC Bus Lines 16
2.5 Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems Case Studies 17
2.5.1 Termosolar Borges Hybrid Power Plant, Spain (Biomass + Solar thermal) 18
2.5.2 Enel Green Power Stillwater Hybrid Power Plant, Nevada, U.S. 19
2.5.3 Zhangbei National Wind and PV Energy Storage and
Transmission Demonstration Project, China 20
2.5.4 Pacific Wind and Catalina Solar Project, California, U.S. 21
2.5.5 Grand Ridge Energy Center, Illinois, U.S. 22
2.5.6 Apple Maiden iCloud Data Center, North Carolina, U.S. 23
2.5.7 Liddell Solar Thermal Station, New South Wales, Australia 24
2.5.8 Kogan Creek Power Station (Kogan Creek Solar Boost) Queensland,
Australia 25
2.5.9 Sundt Solar Boost Project, Tucson, Arizona 26
2.5.10 Gorona del Viento El Hierro Project, El Hierro Island, Spain 27
2.5.11 Bonaire WEB Biodiesel Wind Power Plant, Bonaire Island, Dutch Antilles 28
2.5.12 FPL Martin Next Generation Solar Energy Center, Florida, U.S. 30
2.5.13 ISCCS Ain Beni Mathar, Morocco 30
2.6 The Smart Grid 34
2.6.1 Modernization opportunities 38
2.7 Early Technological Innovations of the Smart Grid 39
2.8 Micro-grid Architecture 40
2.9 Design Considerations of the Smart Micro-Grid 42
2.10 The Energy Management System (EMS) 42
2.10.1 State of Charge (SOC) 43
2.10.2 Floating Charge Voltage of Battery 45
2.10.3 Calculation of the Price of Sources 45
2.11 Smart Grid Decision Making Process 46
2.11.1 Metering 47
2.11.2 Grid Operation And Maintenance 48
2.12 Previous Related Study 53
2.13 Research Gap 61 CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 The Existing Load Profile of the University. 63
3.2 Validation technique for Electricity Consumption 72
3.3 The Existing Renewable Facility 78 3.4 The Proposed Microgrid System 78
3.5.1 PV Component Sizing 78
3.5.2 The 500kVA Solar Farm: 80
3.5.3 PV Inverter 81
3.5.4 Alternative AC Sources 82
3.5.5 Monitoring And Control Components 83
3.6.2 Software Design Methodology 88
3.7 Proposed Energy Management System (EMS) 89
3.7.1 Scenario 1 (Fully Charged Mode) 91
3.7.2 Scenario 2 (Charging Mode) 91
3.7.3 Scenario 3 (Over Charging Protection Mode) 92
3.7.4 Scenario 4 (Fully Discharged Mode) 93
3.7.5 Scenario 5: Discharging Mode: 94
3.7.6 Scenario 6 (Overcharging Protection Mode) 94
3.8 Plant Side Energy Management Flow 95
3.9 Consumer-Side Energy Management Flow 97
3.9.1 Day Mode (7:59am – 3:59pm) 97
3.9.2 Evening Mode (3:59pm – 11:59pm) 99
3.9.3 Night Mode (12:00 am – 07:59am) 99
3.10 Energy Pricing Policy 103
3.10.1 Case 1 103
3.10.2 Case 2 104
3.10.3 Case 3 105
3.10.4 Case 4 105
3.10.5 Return on Investment 106
3.11 Load Scheduling 106
3.11.1 Load Schedule Model 107
3.11.2 Load Task Model: 107
3.11.3 Electricity Generation Cost 108
3.12 Keycard Energy Management 111
3.13 Modal Voltage Stability Analysis 115
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Distributed Generation Placement Results 118
4.2 Cost Implication Results 136
4.2.1 Diesel Consumption And Generation Relationship 140
4.2.2 Cost Comparisons between Diesel, Utility and Solar-Hydro 141
4.3 Simulation Results for Smart Key-Card Based Energy
Management for Offices 146
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion 148
5.2 Recommendation 150
5.3 Contribution to Knowledge 150
References 152
Appendix I 158
Appendix II 160
Appendix III 162
Appendix IV 164
Appendix V 164
Appendix VI 166
Appendix VII 167
Appendix VIII 168
Appendix IX 169
Appendix X 180
Appendix XI
Appendix XII
Appendix XIII
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Studies have shown that rural areas in Nigeria require affordable and reliable electricity not just to rise from subsistence level but for development. Meanwhile, renewable energy sources like solar, wind, micro-hydro, and biomass (in some northern states of Nigeria) have promising potentials since they occur in abundance. Deploying these renewable energy resources is thus one of the most promising and environmentally compliant solutions to this effect.
Decentralized rural electrification projects based on the generation of renewable electrical power on site through the installation of stand-alone power systems in rural households, and the setup of electricity distribution mini-grids, fed by renewable energy sources have shown promising capacity for good quality and reliable electricity for communication, lighting and other basic energy uses. Off-grid renewable energy technologies satisfy energy demand directly to avoid the need for long distance distribution infrastructure. Most renewable energy comes either directly or indirectly from the sun. Solar energy can be used directly to generate electricity and also for hot water heating and a variety of commercial and non-commercial uses. Renewable energy facilities require less maintenance than traditional generators. The deployment of renewable energy resources minimizes the production of CO2 and pollutants and thus are of reduced detriment to the environment (Almasalma et al., 2015).
For a given community, the costs of different electricity supply alternatives will vary depending on specific local conditions, such as load size and distribution, renewable resource availability, fuel price and transportation network. A combination of improved technology and economics of scale has made the cost of renewable energy technologies more attractive. Unlike most conventional energy sources, the cost of producing electricity from renewable energy sources were projected I the past to reduce over the years, given the necessary conditions. This projection is gradually being proved to be correct but is still being grossly affected by human-related factors such as inadequate sensitization on benefits of renewable energy technology and energy conservation during usage, import policies, fees and duties, etc.
Amongst all the renewable energy resources, the solar, hydro and wind energies are the best choices as stand-alone power generating sources because of their beneficial features as highlighted above in addition to low cost of operation and inexhaustible sources. On the other hand, these stand-alone sources have their own disadvantages, one of which is dependence on weather conditions, resulting in difficulties in regulating the output power to cope with their various load demands. Also, it is difficult to use these stand-alone renewable plants to generate bulk power in quantities that compare with that produced by the conventional fossil fuel generators; thus the end-user is compelled to either conserve energy or to find another alternative source of energy to meet his load demand. Besides, renewable energy sources are still perceived as high cost options especially when considered as stand-alone household installations (Onojo, Chukwudebe, Okafor, & Ogbogu, 2013). The relatively favorable policy frameworks and public financing advantages enjoyed by the conventional energy systems results in relatively lower market and installation costs, but significant operating costs (Okafor & Joe-Uzuegbu, 2010). This problem posed by stand-alone renewable energy sources may find its solution where we have a balance of many different renewable power sources, and thus prompting the need for an efficient, energy conserving transmission and distribution network geared towards feeding load demands based on priority and availability.
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT
The Federal University of Technology (FUTO) campus is presently connected to the national grid, but because of the unavailability of power supply almost throughout the year, there is a relatively high dependence on the backup diesel generators. This has a significant impact in the annual expenditure on fuel and generator maintenance costs, as basic load demands have to be met for the smooth operation of University activities. The annual expenditure on diesel by the University (based on the current market price) amounts to about N50.4 million (for 252,000 liters), which increases to N80.6 million when maintenance costs are included. The University comprises of office buildings, classrooms, laboratories, workshops, hostels, guest house and cafeteria. The insufficient supply of grid-quality power largely affects administrative and academic work for both staff and students in the university. This includes
- Uncomfortable office working conditions which drastically reduce the work hours of the staff.
- Haphazard laboratory and workshop practical lectures due to the inoperability of most of the required equipment for proper demonstration to the students). Energy wastage as some office/ laboratory appliances may not be turned off before close of work resulting to inappropriate consumption, or damage of the appliance. iv. The risk of air and noise pollution whenever the fossil fuel generators are being used to supplement energy usage.
- Loss of business opportunities for instance business centers, professional examination prometric centers, etc.
Designing a workable smart micro-grid will be the first step to curbing energy wastage and properly dispatching required energy to consumer loads based on load schedule. Also, it would be possible for the consumers to know the best times to use certain loads and when the management can expect a return on investment.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
The main objective of the research is to design smart micro-grid using hybrid renewable energy resources for a typical university campus. This grid will connect the renewable energy resources in a hybrid network with the existing network in order to make clean and reliable electric power available for community use. While doing this, the specific objectives border on designing a smart micro-grid that can sustain the basic load demands of the University campus at any given time, before feeding loads of lower priority.
The specific objectives of this work include
- Developing a load audit/inventory of the Federal University of Technology Owerri campus. ii. Sizing and reconciling the required generating components with the estimated daily energy consumption. iii. Developing a load monitoring and switching system that dispatch the varying load demand to the most economic energy sources. iv. Developing algorithms for load scheduling and energy management that will guide the minimization of energy wastage.
- Stability and sensitivity analysis using MATLAB to predict the effect of the proposal on the already existing system.
1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY
This research will be of economic importance to any institution or community that has good prospects for deploying renewable energy alternatives, especially where there is difficulty in managing the increasing cost of fossil fuels induced by the drastic fall of crude oil prices worldwide. This is because in addition to achieving an efficient energy management system, the university will also find solutions for energy wastage, constant supply to the essential loads, significant reduction of both air and noise pollution, optimal load matching with respect to load forecasting and profiles.
The design of a micro-grid for this hybrid power plant which will incorporate renewable sources of PV panels and micro-hydro backed up by the already existing diesel generators will go a long way to minimize fuel costs. Even though some part of this system may include diesel generators as backup, the renewable energy could supply a reasonable part of the required energy based on load priority.
1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY
This work will first of all do a survey and inventory of the existing load-profiles and electrical facilities of the university. Next, it will model and design an energy management system for the micro-grid to investigate the daily load implications of utilizing this hybrid power network. More importantly, a decision-making strategy would be adopted to govern the design objectives of the micro-grid. The modeling, cost, sensitivity and stability analysis will be done using MATLAB and simulated to analyze the system behavior and Alternative Energy (altE) off-grid calculator to validate the component sizes.
Also, a pricing policy will be developed to determine an expected period of returns in investment, and also guide the energy users on the most economic periods of the day to consume energy.
DESIGN OF A SMART MICRO-GRID USING HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES – A CASE STUDY OF FUTO CAMPUS
