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Biology and Ecology of the Leafroller (Sylepta derogata Fabricius) on Okra
ABSTRACT
Sylepta derogata, Fabricius a major insect pest, defoliates and causes enormous yield loss in Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench. Control of the pest with chemicals and other methods have not been successful due to scanty information on the biology and ecology of the pest. This study was conducted to assess the biology and ecology of Sylepta derogata on Abelmoschus esculentus.
Abelmoschus esculentus was planted in early (March-June, 2009), mid (July-September, 2009) and late (November 2009-January,2010) seasons at the Crop Garden of the
Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design in four replicates. Larval population of S. derogata was estimated on 23 randomly selected plants/replicate. Data were collected on temperature, rainfall, relative humidity and percentage field infestation. Leaves of weeds around the experimental plot were observed for habitation and damage by S. derogata. Observations were made on the presence of natural enemies on S. derogata in the field and identified in the laboratory. The life cycle of S. derogata was investigated in the field under natural weather conditions of 22oC-31oC, 39-90% relative humidity and mean rainfall of 2.8 mm. In the laboratory, assessment was done under room temperature of 24oC-28oC and 79-92% relative humidity, on the reproductive biology, development and morphometrics of immature stages of S. derogata. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation and ANOVA at P=0.05.
The field population of S. derogata larvae was highest in November and December with 96.2% larval infestation while it was lowest in July and August with 16.1% and 11.3% infestation respectively coinciding with the highest fruit yield. A significant (P=0.05) inverse relationship was observed between S. derogata abundance; and each of rainfall (r = -0.80) and temperature only (r = -0.85) in early season, rainfall (r = -0.28) and temperature (r = -0.17) in mid-season and temperature (r = -0.73) in late season when rainfall receded. However, a significant (P=0.05) direct relationship was observed between S. derogata abundance and relative humidity at the late season planting (r = 0.18). The mean developmental period from egg to adult was 28 days. The life cycle consisted of egg, five larval stages, pre-pupa, pupa and adult stages. The mean oviposition period was 2 days. The head capsule width ranged from 0.2mm in the first instar to 2.1mm in the fifth instar. The growth index of 1.8 recorded did not conform to Dyar’s rule of 1.4. The females were significantly larger in size than the males. The sex ratio was 1.5:1 (male: female). Apantelessp was the natural enemy identified on S. derogata which could be used as biological control agent of the larval stages of S. derogata, while the alternative host plant was Solanum nigrum.
Late season planting of Okra requires control measures. Apanteles sp can be used in the control of S. derogata on okra. The short developmental period of S. derogata indicates the possibility of this pest completing two generations on okra during the growing season thereby increasing the larval population and leaf damage.
Keywords: Sylepta derogata, Abelmoschus esculentus, Plant host range, Apanteles sp.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Abstract ii
Certification iv
Dedication v
Acknowledgment vi
Table of Contents vii
List of Tables x
List of Figures xi
List of Plates xii
List of Appendix xiii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER TWO:
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 3
2.1 Insect Pests of Okra 3
2.2 Biology and Description of Sylepta derogata 5
2.3 Natural enemies of Sylepta derogata 8
2.4 Control of Insect pests of Okra 9
CHAPTER THREE:
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 13
3.1 Study Sites 13
3.2 Experimental Units 13
3.3 The Ecology of Sylepta derogata in Ibadan, Nigeria 17
3.3.1 Estimation of Field Infestation by Sylepta derogata 19
3.3.2 Field Parasitism and Predation of Immature Stages of S. derogata 19
3.4 Laboratory Biology of S. derogata in Okra 19
3.4.1 Insect culture 20
3.4.2 Reproductive Biology of Sylepta derogata under ambient conditions 22
3.4.3 Reproductive Biology of Sylepta derogata under laboratory conditions 22
3.5 Studies on Developmental Biology 23
3.6 Determination of the longevity of mated and unmated males and females 24
3.7 Studies on behavioural biology 25
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS
4.1 Seasonal Abundance of S. derogata 26
4.2 The Natural Enemies of S. derogata 45
4.3 Alternative host of S. derogata 47
4.4 Reproductive Biology of S. derogata (longevity and fecundity) 47
4.5 Developmental Biology of S. derogata 49
4.5.1 Egg 49
4.5.2 Larvae 49
4.5.3 Pre-pupa 49
4.5.4 Pupa 49
4.5.5 Adult 50
4.6 Morphometrics of Sylepta derogata 56
4.7 Behavioural Biology of S. derogata 63
4.7.1 Courtship and Mating Behaviour 63
4.7.2 Larval feeding activity 63
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION 65
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 68
REFERENCES 69
APPENDIX 72
Biology and Ecology of the Leafroller (Sylepta derogata Fabricius) on Okra
