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IMPACT OF SECURITY SYNERGY BETWEEN THE POLICE AND COMMUNITY POLICING ON THE CONSTITUTIONALLY GUARANTEED RIGHTS IN NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
The escalation of criminal activities in recent times in Nigeria has necessitated the invention of a new approach to crime control and prevention. Ordinarily, the police are saddled with the responsibility of crime prevention and control. However, the high rate of violent crimes, political thuggery, kidnapping, bombing, vandalism, prostitution and corruption has led to the adoption of community policing strategy in most localities to supplement the efforts of the Nigerian Police in combating crimes. Community policing is a strategic effort at co-opting and utilizing the people to prevent crime among the people by the people themselves. It is therefore the position of this study that in this synergy between the police and community policing strategy fundamental rights of the people have been grossly violated. The methodology adopted in this work is descriptive and analytical. The dissertation describes the philosophical foundation, organization and management of community policing. It also analyses the implications of the adoption of community policing on the components of the criminal justice system. The study concludes that police is confronted with numerous challenges which if not tackled will hamper their work and leave the citizenry at the mercy of recidivists. However, the introduction of community policing outfits appears to have brought hope in crime control and prevention. Consequently, the police effectively and efficiently patrol the streets with the complementary role of community policing outfits. But the notwithstanding the immense benefits of this security synergy, both the police and community policing outfits flagrantly violate people’s fundamental rights and the need to address the challenges for fundamental human rights confronting the police and community policing outfits must be addressed. As part of the recommendations, the study maintains that the police must recognize that it is in its interest to provide officers who are competent, honest and responsive to the needs of the community. Also, it must follow the guiding values central to community policing which include trust, cooperation, communication, ingenuity, integrity, initiative, discretion, leadership, responsibility, respect and a broad end commitment to public safety and security. Consequently, the police must establish an effective partnership with the community as a whole the foundation of which is mutual trust, and understanding.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION.. 1
1.1. Background of the Study. 1
1.2. Statement of the Problem.. 6
1.3. Objectives of the Study. 7
1.4. Significance of the Study. 7
1.8. Organization of the Study. 16
CHAPTER TWO: COMMUNITY POLICING AND POLICE STRUCTURE.. 17
2.1. Philosophy of Community Policing. 17
2.2. Elements of Community Policing. 18
2.2.1. Community Partnership. 18
2.2.2. Organizational Transformation. 21
2.3. Cardinal Principles of Community Policing. 24
2.3.2. Active Community Involvement 25
2.3.4. Long-Term Commitment 29
2.4. Merits of Community Policing. 29
2.4.2. Availability of Security Tips. 29
2.4.3. Lubrication of Relationship. 30
2.5. Demerits of Community Policing. 30
2.5.1. Breach of Police Responsibilities under the Law.. 30
2.5.3. Breach of Fundamental Rights. 31
2.7. Nigerian Brand of Community Policing. 41
CHAPTER THREE: FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS. 51
3.1. Concept of Human Rights. 51
3.2. Human Rights in the World Politics. 53
3.3. The Operation of the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights in Nigeria. 55
3.4. Human Rights under the 1999 Constitution. 59
3.5. Waiver of Human Rights under the 1999 Constitution. 65
3.6. Protection of Human Rights. 67
CHAPTER FOUR: CRIME PREVENTION AND FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS. 70
4.2. Arrest, Detention and Bail of Suspects. 71
4.3. Powers of Entry and Search. 78
4.4. Interrogation of Suspects. 80
4.5. Identification of Suspects. 84
4.6. Extra – Judicial Killing. 87
4.6.2. Community Policing Outfits. 89
4.8. Implication of the Adoption of Community Policing. 92
4.8.1. Prosecution of Offenders. 93
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION 102
CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study
In the discourse of security in Nigeria, Okorie,[1] Jega,[2] Salawu,[3] Onyishi,[4] Ezeoha,[5] and Lewis[6] have identified several causes of security crisis in Nigeria that pose grave consequences to national development. Chief among them is ethno-religious conflicts that have claimed many lives in Nigeria. By ethno-religious it means a situation in which the relationship between members of one ethnic or religious and another of such group in a multi-ethnic and multi-religious society is characterized by lack of cordiality, mutual suspicion and fear, and a tendency towards violent confrontation.[7]
Since independence, Nigeria appears to have been bedevilled with ethno-religious conflicts. Over the past decades of her Nationhood, Nigeria has experienced a palpable intensification of religious polarization, manifest in political mobilization, sectarian social movements, and increasing violence.[8] Ethnic and religious affiliations determine who gets what in Nigeria; it is so central and seems to perpetuate discrimination. The return to civil rule in 1999 tends to have provided ample leverage for multiplicity of ethno-religious conflicts.
As part of the social contract which the state has the obligation to fulfil for exercising the power which belongs to the people, the government is expected to provide adequate security for the citizens. Consequently, the Nigerian government has set up various security agencies for both the internal and external protection of the citizens. The 1999 Constitution of Nigeria underscores this when it declares: that the security and welfare of the people shall be the primary purpose of government.[9] But the veracity is that security is a thing of partnership between the state and the citizens. A security system entails all that the state and citizens do from individual to institutional level to ensure the security of lives and property.[10]
The problem of the Nigerian polity is that there is no strong will to entrench law and order in the Nigerian polity. If there were only one man in a State in Nigeria, there would be no need for rules of law or regulationsbecause there would be no upsetting of existing equilibrium caused by the acts of another person; there would be no conflict of any type. Perhaps all that would be necessary would be for one to avoid injuring oneself through one’s own act. No wonder, Farrar notes that a solitary individual is a hermit living in complete isolation from other human beings probably requires nothing more than habits.[11] Since this scenario only exists at the utopic realm, law became necessary to help in the quest to actualise order. It became the tool for social engineering. Law is the pillar of social code; a society without laws is a living anachronism. In the absence of law and order organised life is impossible.[12] Thus, law defines the extent to which it will give effect to the interests which it recognizes, in the light of other interests and of the possibilities of effectively securing them through law; it also devises means for securing those that are recognised and prescribes the limits within which those means are to be employed.[13]
Rule of law is a key component of the social and political orders found in liberal democratic states. Aristotle insisted that it is preferable that law should rule other than a single one of the citizens. According to Aristotle:
He who ask law to rule is asking God’s intelligence and not others to rule while he who ask for the human being is bringing in a wild beast, for human passion is one like wild beast and strong feelings lead astray rules and the very best of men. In law, you have the intellect without passion.[14]
This means that man’s freedom is conditioned in a society where there is rule of law. Therefore, where the law rules, violation of its stipulations will attract penalty. Many people obey law in order to avoid the unpleasant consequences that may follow disobedience to law. Amadi explains that:
The rule of law is the infrangible cord that connects all wings of law, giving meaning to all laws in any political authority. The rule of law simply says that laws should be obeyed by everyone – the ruler and the ruled. It is this obedience that gives life a meaning. Life begets society, and if life is meaningless because of absence of the rule of law, then we may have an anarchic society.[15]
Whenever there is absolute incapacity to impose sanctions where there is breach of law; disorderliness becomes prevalent. A clear illustration is the terroristic insurgence of Boko Haram in the North-eastern part of Nigeria. In a deadly attack on 24th day of February 2014, the group massacred 29 students with scores seriously injured. The Islamic sect had killed hundreds of people in the orgy of violence unleashed on Gwoza, Izge and Bama in Borno State on February 2014 alone.[16] The level of lawlessness and rascality prompted the Federal Government to declare State of Emergence in some North-Eastern States. The Governors in those states are no longer finding the heartrending lawlessness funny. Order has completely vanished in those States. The Governor Shettima of Borno State insisted that Boko Haram is better armed and better motivated than the Nigeria Military.[17] This is even as the promise of the Chief of Defence Staff that Boko haram would be wiped out by April, 2014[18] is still subsisting. Why is it then, that every time the military boasts of winning the war or putting timeline to ending the war that the insurgents step up their attacks? Nwosu writes: “The strangest thing for me in all this is the issue of motivation. What motivation can be behind these seeming mindless attacks? Is it the motivation of hoisting an Islamic State and running it? If it is that, what then is the motivation to kill yourself to hoist such a regime”.[19]
It must be pointed out that insecurity is a multi-headed monster that has exposed our security failings. Presently the incessant bombing by theBokoHaram sect which has plunged the Northern part of Nigeria into crises, intractable cases of kidnapping which has engulfed the South-East zone and the oil bunkering prevalent in the South-South zone are just a few to mention. These internecine acts of criminality and the fear of the unknown have prompted various communities to set up vigilante groups with the aim of mitigating some of these crimes. Vigilante groups thus forms the crux of community policing.
1.2. Statement of the Problem
The upsurge in terrorist attack in Nigeria being spearheaded by the Boko Haram, an Islamic extremists group, has exposed the absolute non observance of the fundamental rights of suspects in Nigeria. The prompt killing of the Boko Haram leader UstazMuhammed Yusuf without trial speaks volume of the power of police to kill and maimpeople presumed to be innocent under the Nigerian Constitution.[20] Access to lawyers, which is a right of an accused under section 36(6)(c) of the 1999 Constitution as amended, is now a privilege. This was why KabiruAbubakarDikko known as KabiruSokoto was allegedly denied access to counsel which ultimately stalled his trial when he was arraigned on the 20th March 2013.[21] Right of access to counsel is a fundamental right enshrined in the 1999 Constitution which is observed in breach.
There is also the ponderous presence and contribution of the vigilante groups in the infraction of rights of Nigerian citizens. Sometimes, rights to life, human dignity, movement and liberty are most often threatened by these groups. What is worse, these vigilante groups do these with the implicit or explicit support of the police. Thus in the case of Aluu four,[22] the students were killed instantly by the murderous vigilante group with full cooperation of the police.Therefore, it becomes glaring that the major problem in the security sector of the Nigerian nation is the challenge of preserving and protecting the fundamental human rights in Nigeria and at the same time guaranteeing adequate security for the nation.
1.3. Objectives of the Study
The objectives of this study are:
- To ascertain the challenges of fundamental rights enshrined in the 1999 Constitution to the police and the community policing outfits in Nigeria. In the process of doing this it will be shown that the community policing outfits play complementary role to the police.
- To show that the cost of the synergy between the Nigerian Police and the community policing isthe infraction on and the desecration of the fundamental rights of the suspects.
- To establish the legal obstacles to the protection of fundamental rights of the citizens and the need to address these problems will also established.
- To show that both the police and the community policing outfits flout the law on the fundamental human right of the arrested suspect with reckless abandon. They neither observe nor comply with provisions of law on fundamental human rights.
- To suggest the way out of these challenges.
1.4. Significance of the Study
This study is significant because it attempts to show that the Nigeria Police Force and the Community policing outfits have an established case on the infringement and non-observance of the Fundamental rights provisions. This is irrespective of the fact that the said fundamental right provisions are constitutionally entrenched in the Nigeria legal corpus. This work will contribute immensely in finding the best approach to observance of fundamental rights of suspects in Nigeria.
1.5. Methodology
The methodology used in this research is doctrinal, analytical and descriptive. It is doctrinal because relevant legal doctrines were examined and applied. It is also descriptive and analytical because it describes and analyses the present state of the law vis-à-vis community policing and the community policing outfits in relation to the challenge posed to the institutions by the fundamental rights provisions. Reliance is also placed on primary source material like case laws, legislations, textbooks, conference papers, journal articles, internet materials and other legal literatures. Secondary source materials like observations, interviews and comments of legal practitioners are also utilized.
1.6. Literature Review
Nigerian communities have perfected the arrangement for restraining certain anti-social behaviours before the arrival of the colonialists. In the northern and Western Nigeria, where the system of administration was centralized, policing was formalized. In the Hausa states, the Dogarai[23] were under the political control of a member of the chamber of eunuchs titled the Galadima, while the most senior Dogarai was called the SarkinDogarai.[24] The Dogarai performed the function of preventing crime through detection[25] and “bringing into judgment the criminal after crime had been committed and also executing the commands of justice,”[26] Okiro pointed out that: “In addition to their body guard duties to the kings, the dogarai also captured and disciplined offenders and assisted in guarding the town”.[27]
In the Yoruba kingdoms, the ilari, emese and agunren represented in the eyes of the populace the symbols of legitimate force. Like the emirate dogarai, they arrested criminals and executed the command of justice.[28] Nwankwo pointed out that the age grade in Oyo Kingdom usually referred to as the Elegbe has the responsibility of implementing the decisions reached in the Oba’s Court. He illustrated his point by stating that if anybody is to be executed or imprisoned, it is their duty to carry out the instruction or order to the last letter.[29]
In the decentralized Igbo pre-colonial system of Eastern Nigeria, which was based on small, self-contained groups of villages organized according to a lineage system that did not allow for social stratification, the concept of social control arose from established elements of culture, based on cherished traditions, hallowed secrets and revered institutions that ensured that any member of the community who violated tradition is severely punished as elucidated by Nnamani.[30] Okiro pointed out that: “In certain parts of Igboland, which practiced the Osu Caste system of old; The Osu[31] … performed some form of police duties”.[32] This position is corroborated by Okeke when he wrote that:
In most communities because the movement of the Osu was limited to certain radius, … they kept vigil in the village, when slaves (ohu) and their masters must have gone to the farm…. So they unconsciously acted as ‘watchdogs’ in the villages to the advantage of couples still with children between the ages of two and ten, who, at the slightest mistake, could turn victims of kidnappers.[33]
The history of the Nigeria Police Force is traceable to the establishment of the Consular Guard by the British Consul in 1860.[34] This consular Guard later became known as the Hausa Guard in 1863. Okiro maintained that: “The origin of the Nigeria Police Force has been traced to 1863, when Lt. John Glover of the Royal (British) Navy who emerged the Governor of Lagos that year established the Armed Police Force”.[35] Dambazau’s account is that after the formation of the protectorates in the North and South in the early 1900s, both the Royal Niger Company Constabulary and the Niger Coast Constabulary produced Northern and Southern Nigeria Police respectively.[36] Both the Northern and Southern Police Forces operated as independent entities, even after the amalgamation of the Northern and Southern Protectorates by the British authorities in 1914. On April 1, 1930, however, the two forces were merged to become what is now the Nigeria Police Force.[37]
In 1943, the Nigerian Police Force owed its existence to the Nigeria Police Ordinance enacted in 1943 by the British Colonial government. Amadi categorically stated that today, Nigerian Police Force owes its existence to the constitution.[38] Consequently section 214 (1) of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 as amended stipulates that: “There shall be a police force for Nigeria, which shall be known as the Nigeria Police Force, and subject to the provisions of this section no other police force shall be established for the federation or any part thereof.” Flowing from the above, it is deducible that right from the colonial era, the police was established to champion the interests of the colonialist or government. According to Chukwuma:
… the British established police forces and constabularies to protect their interests. These forces and constabularies were armed and organized as quasi-military squads. Such forces in different territories comprise officials who were employed. The purpose of this practice of alienating the police from the communities they served, was to ensure that such officials, when deployed to execute punitive expeditions, would act as any army of occupation and deploy maximum violence on the communities.[39]
Till date, the Nigeria Police Force has not purged itself of this colonial impact of standing against the people irrespective of the police is your friend slogan being disseminated by the police. No wonder, Nigerians have expressed fears in the ability of the police to protect lives and property. This has prompted Osori to write as follows: “It is laughable that the Police Act says (sic) the police are employed for the protection of life and property. The sad thing is that … Nigeria provides evidence that this issue of “uniformed brutality” has been going on for a long time”.[40] A clear illustration is seen in the case of Oyakhere v. State[41] in which the court revealed that the appellant and the two other convicts, all policemen turned their guns on defenceless proletariat, a people they were to protect. The attack was ferocious and indiscriminate, absolutely appalling and undesirable, clearly a wicked and despicable act. This is attributable to the fact that the modern Nigeria Police Force is an inheritance from the colonialist, who needed a regular police force to advance their expansionist missions and subjugate the natives in the colonized territories.[42]
The greatest challenge confronting the Nigerian security apparatus presently is the deadly acts of the Boko Haram sect. Boko Haram is a religious Islamic sect that came into the limelight in 2002 when the presence of the radical Islamic sect was first reported in Kanama[43] and also in Gwoza.[44] “Boko Haram,” which in the local Hausa language means “Western education is forbidden,” officially calls itself Jama‟atulAlhulSunnahLiddawatiwal Jihad.[45] Beyond religious explanations, Boko Haram could be arguably described as a home-grown terrorist group that work in synergy with some desperate politicians in the North. It appears that the sect enjoys effective support from some well-to-do individuals, religious leaders, allies, admirers of their ideology and highly placed politicians in the North who claim to be Nigerians but are clandestinely working against the State. For instance, Adagbaet al observe that it is no longer a sect of Islamic fanatics but has the support of disgruntled politicians and their paid thugs.[46] Revelations and security investigations into the activities of the sect tend to affirm that the group is also sponsored from within the country. This simultaneously transpire within the period when a serving Senator from the North was on trial for aiding the activities of Boko Haram. Thus, a senior official of Boko Haram allegedly granted an interview detailing how the sect had been on the payroll of a few governors of the North.[47]
1.7. Definition of Terms
There are terms the comprehension of which will help in the appreciation of this topic.
1.7.1. Community Policing
Community policing is a deliberate strategy conceived to involve the people along with the police in the monitoring of their environment for the purpose of crime prevention, detection and orderliness in the communities.[48] Friedman defines community policing as:
A policy and strategy aimed at achieving more effective and efficient crime control, reduced fear of crime, improved quality of life, improved police services and police legitimacy, through proactive reliance on community resources that seeks to change crime causing conditions.[49]
1.7.2. Human Rights
Human rights are rights and freedoms which every person is entitled to enjoy possibly deriving from natural law.[50] They refer to the basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled. Human rights are rights inherent in all human beings, whatever their nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language or any other status. All human beings are entitled to these rights without discrimination or segregation. These rights are all interrelated, interdependent and invisible. Ogbu defines human rights as: “… Rights which all persons everywhere and at all times equally have by virtue of being moral and rational creatures. They are inherent in any human being simply because of his humanity the birth-right of all mankind.”[51]
In Nigeria, neither the 1999 Constitution as Amended nor the 1979 Constitution defined the term human rights. The closest definition of human right is its correlative term fundamental rights which was adumbrated by the Fundamental Rights (Enforcement Procedure) Rules. The Rules defined fundamental rights to mean: “Any of the fundamental rights provided for in chapter four of the constitution”.[52]
1.7.3. Suspect
A suspect is a person who is suspected of a crime or of having done something wrong.[53] In short, a suspect is a person believed to have committed an offence of to have done something wrong even though the person’s culpability cannot be pinpointed. In other words, it is a feeling that somebody has done something wrong, illegal or dishonest, even though there is no proof.[54] A person is a suspect based on suspicion. In Nwankwo v. State[55] Mika’ilu (JCA) defined suspicion as the apprehension of something without proof or opinion based upon slight evidence. It implies a belief or opinion based upon facts or circumstances which do not amount to proof. In Momodu v. State[56] Agube (JCA) noted that: “It has been established in a plethora of decided cases[57] that in our criminal justice system, suspicion no matter how strong can never take the place of legal proof.”
1.8. Organization of the Study
This work is divided into five chapters. Chapter one gives the general background information and other preliminary issues. Chapter two deals extensively on communitypolicing.Chapter three examines fundamental human rights. Chapter four ascertains the relationship between fundamental rights and crime prevention and control in Nigeria. Chapter Five is an encapsulation of the work with recommendations for the resolution of the problems.
[1] I. Okorie, “Insecurity: Consequences for Investment and Employment”, The Punch, Thursday, September 9, 2011, pp. 37 – 38.
[2] I. Jega, “Tackling Ethno-religious Conflicts in Nigeria”, Newsletter of Social Science Academy of Nigeria, September 2002, vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 35 – 38.
[3] B. Salawu, Ethno-Religious Conflicts in Nigeria: Casual Analysis and Proposal for New Management Strategies, European Journal of Social Sciences – vol. 13, No. 3, 2010.
[4] O. Eme and A. Onyishi, “The Challenges of Insecurity in Nigeria: A Thematic Exposition”, Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business. Vol. 3 No. 8, 2011.
[5] S. L. Ezeoha, “Causes and Effects of Insecurity in Nigeria”, The National Scholar, vol. 8, No. 2 pp. 28 – 28.
[6] P. Lewis, Islam, Protest, and Conflict in Nigeria, (Washington: Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Africa, 2002).
[7] B. Salawu, The Special Issue on Contemporary Issues in Social Science, (USA: Centre for Promoting Ideas,2010), pp.288, 346.
[8] Lewis, op. cit., p. 1.
[9] See the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 (as Amended), s. 14 (2) (b).
[10] “Decentralized Policing System, the only Option before Nigeria, Declare Ekweremadu, Others”, Daily Sun, 11 March 2013, p. 53.
[11] J. Farrar, Legal Method, (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1973), p. 4.
[12] D. Ibekwe, The Barrister, Law Magazine Published by the Faculty of Law, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, 1978, vol. 1, p. 7.
[13] L. Haskins, Law and Authority in Early Massachusetts, (New York: Macmillian, 1960), p. 226.
[14] Quoted in Ladan, op. cit., p. 237.
[15] G. O. S. Amadi, Political Jaywalking and Legal Jiggery-Pokery in the Governance of Nigeria: Wherein Lies the Rule of Law?, (Nsukka: University of Nigeria Press Ltd., 2011), p. 19.
[16] “Boko Haram Massacres 29 Students in Yobe School”, Daily Sun, Wednesday, February 26, 2014, p. 5.
[17] A. Obi, “Shettima and the Politics of Terror”, Daily Sun, Thursday, January 27, 2014, back page.
[18] Ibid.
[19] S. Nwosu, “Strange Things are Happening”, Daily Sun, Wednesday, February 19, 2014, back page.
[20] Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 as Amended, s. 36 (5).
[21] Nwosu, loc. cit.
[22] These are the four University of Port Harcourt Students brutally murdered on 05 October 2012 in Umuokiri village, Aluu Rivers State. How it all happened was narrated in “Aluu 4: How my Brother was Killed – Tekena’s Sister”, Daily Sun, 12 October 2012, p. 5.
[23] These were bodyguards of the Sarki (Emir or King).
[24] M.G. Smith, Government in Zazzau, 1980-1950, (London: Oxford University Press, 1960), p. 15.
[25] A. B. Dambazau, Criminology and Criminal Justice, (Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limited, 1999), p. 1.
[26] K.Rotimi (Oct. 2003), “The N.A. Systems and Security in Northern and Western Regions of Nigeria”, Paper Presented at a National Conference on Chieftaincy and Security in Nigeria to Mark the 40th Anniversary of His Royal Highness, Alhaji Ado Bayero, Emir of Kano.
[27] M. M. Okiro, Policing Nigeria in a Democracy, (Portharcourt: Bharmoss Ventures Nig. Ltd., 2009), p. 5.
[28] R. Kemi, Federalism and Policing: The Nigerian Experience, (Ibadan: College Press Limited, 2001), p. 3.
[29] B. C. Nwankwo, Authority in Government, (2ndedn., Onitsha: Abbot Books Ltd., 2002), p. 193.
[30] C. .Nnamani (13 Oct. 2003), “Chieftaincy and Security in Nigeria: An Overview of Non-Centralized East/West Niger Igbo”, A Paper Presented at a National Conference on Chieftaincy and Security in Nigeria on the 40th Anniversary of the Ascension to the Throne of HRH Alhaji (Dr.) Ado Bayero, Kano.
[31] People dedicated to a deity and are vested with certain traditional religious functions.
[32] Okiro, op. cit., p. 1.
[33] I. R. Okeke, The Osu Concept in Igboland, (Enugu: Access Publishers Nigeria Limited, 1986), pp 42-43.
[34] See Daily Independent, Thursday, February 28, 2008, p. C6
[35] Okiro, op. cit, p. 6.
[36] Damazau, op. cit. p. 227-228.
[37] Okiro, op. cit. p. 10
[38] G. O. S. Amadi, Police Powers in Nigeria, (Nsukka: Afro-Orbis Publications Ltd., 2000), p. 1.
[39] I. Chukwma, “Police Transformation in Nigeria: Problems and Prospects” cited in Dambazau, op. cit. p. 230.
[40] A. Osori, “Stop, Search and Search” in Thisday, Tuesday, 18 November 2008, p. xiv.
[41] [2006] 2 WRN 34 at 61-62.
[42] Okiro, op. cit., p. 4.
[43] Yobe State.
[44] Borno State.
[45] Which means people committed to the propagation of the Prophet’s teachings and jihad. See P. Mechan and J. Speier, Boko Haram, Threat to the U.S. Homeland, (Washington: US House of Representatives Committee on Homeland Security Subcommittee on Counterterrorism and intelligence, National Bureau of Statistics, 2009), p. 6.
[46] O. Adagba, S. C. Ugwu and O. I. Eme, “Activities of Boko Haram and Insecurity Problems in Nigeria”, Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, vol. 1 No. 9, (2012), p. 15.
[47] Ibid.
[48] I. O. Orija, “For Effective Community Policing in Nigeria”, in This Day, The Sunday Newspaper, 29 June 2008, p. 21.
[49] R. R. Freidman, Community Policing: Comparative Perspectives and Prospects, (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992), p. 4.
[50] S. Bone, Osborn’s Concise Law Dictionary, (9th edn., London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2001), p. 196.
[51] O. N. Ogbu, Human Rights Law and Practice in Nigeria: An Introduction, (Enugu: CIDJAP Press, 1999), pp. 1-2.
[52] See Fundamental Rights (Enforcement Procedure) Rules 2009, Or. 1, R 1 (2)
[53] A. S. Hornby, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, (6thedn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 128.
[54] Ibid., p. 1209
[55] [2006] 27 WRN 157 at 167.
[56] [2008] 28 WRN 24 at 76.
[57] See Ariche v. State [1993] 7 SCNJ (Pt. II) 457 at 458.Baba v. State [1994] 7 NWLR (Pt. 35) 195 at 197 andArchibong v. State (2008) FWLR (Pt. 223) 1747 at 1766.
IMPACT OF SECURITY SYNERGY BETWEEN THE POLICE AND COMMUNITY POLICING ON THE CONSTITUTIONALLY GUARANTEED RIGHTS IN NIGERIA
