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THE IMPACT OF NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATION IN MANAGEMENT OF INTERNALLY DISPLACE PARSONS (A STYDY OF JOS SOUTH LOCAL GOVENRMENT AREA)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover Page – – – – – – – – – i
The Fly Leaf – – – – – – – – ii
Title Page – – – – – – – – – iii
Declaration – – – – – – – – – iv
Certification – – – – – – – – v
Acknowledgement – – – – – – – vi
Abstract – – – – – – – – – vii
Table of Contents – – – – – – – – viii
List of Tables – – – – – – – – xi
CHAPTER ONE
- Background of the Study – – – – – – 1
- Statement of the Problem – – – – – 4
- Research Question – – – – – – 6
- Purpose of the Study – – – – – – 7
- Significance of the Study – – – – – 9
- Scope of the Study – – – – – – 10
- Operational Definition of Term – – – – – 11
Reference – – – – – – – – 14
CHAPTER TWO
2.0. Review of Literature – – – – – – 16
2.1. History of Ngo in Nigeria – – – – – – 16
2.2. A Review of NGO – – – – – – – 18
2.3. IDP’s Camps in Nigeria – – – – – – 22
2.4. Inhuman Living Condition – – – – – – 24
2.5. Function of NGO;s – – – – – – – 31
2.6. How do NGO Impact on IDP’s – – – – – 36
2.7. Problem of NGO’s – – – – – – – 39
2.8. Approach to Management of IDP’s – – – – 43
2.9. Sustainable Development Achieved by the NGO – – 45
2.10. Summary of Literature Review – – – – – 46
Reference – – – – – – – – 49
CHAPTER THREE
3.0. Methodology – – – – – – – – 53
3.1. Research Design – – – – – – – 53
3.2.A. Sample/Population – – – – – – 55
3.2.B. Sampling Technique – – – – – – 56
3.3. Primary Data Collection – – – – – – 56
3.4. Administration of Questionnaire – – – – – 61
3.5. Procedure of Data Analysis – – – – – 63
Reference – – – – – – – – 65
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1. Data Analysis and Discussion – – – – – 66
CHAPTER FIVE Summary, Recommendation and Suggestion for Further Studies
5.1. Summary of Research Finding – – – – – 71
5.2. Conclusion – – – – – – – – 73
5.3. Recommendation – – – – – – – 75
5.4. Further Suggestion for Studies – – – – 79
Bibliography – – – – – – – 81
Abstract
The concept of Nongovernmental Organization is date back from inception where Nonprofit Organization had played a vital role in ensuring peace and tranquility exist, wherever human being are uplift of there traumatized experience. Humanitarian services render by Non-governmental Organization over the years will not be under estimate, ranging from health education rehabilitation physically assistance protection from natural disaster and crisis management. The impact make so far by the Nongovernmental Organization in management of internally displaced person, this people who had fled their abode need emerge attention from the government and civil society group to continue to survive. However, there are internally displaced camps spread all over the country as a result of insurgence and communal clash over the years, that had render thousands of people homeless this document basically will focus on impact made by the Nongovernmental organization in management of displaced person within Jos south where the finding dwell on three major factor extracted from the research question hypothesis drawn are causes, effect and solution. The chapter one is the introduction of the topic, background of study, statement of problem, research question/hypothesis, purposed, significant, scope of studies definition of terms and reference. Chapter two is made up of literature Review and chapter three describes the research methodology and design. Chapter four data analysis and presentation, while the last chapter summary, conclusion, recommendation, and suggestion for further studies of findings.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
International attention has tended to focus on Boko Haram’s brutality, but inter – communal conflict, flooding, desertification and force – evictions have also caused internal displacement with presidential and parliamentary election due to February 2015. There is fear of reoccurrence of violence and displacement that accompanied the 2011 polls particularly in the north of the country (Sabastain 2014).
According to conservative estimates, at least 4,000 people have been killed in Jos and smaller cities and villages in Plateau State over the past decade. Large-scale riots broke out in Jos over appointments to political offices in September 2001. Less than one week of fighting claimed at least 1,000 lives. The Jos crisis was initially a political confrontation between the Berom supported by the Anaguta and the Afizere, who are among the ethnic groups referred to as ‘indigenes’ of Plateau State, and the Hausa–Fulani, commonly referred to as ‘settlers’. The term Hausa–Fulani refers to the amalgamated Hausa and urban Fulani who also speak Hausa, in contrast to the Fulani cattle herders within Plateau State, who speak Fulfulde and constitute a separate group.4 The struggle between the predominantly Christian indigenes and the mostly Muslim Hausa–Fulani soon took on a strong religious dimension, pitching Muslims against Christians.(Jana 2011).
According to a strategic conflict assessment carried out by the Institute for peace and conflict resolution in 2002, the return to democracy and the competition for the new political opportunities had led to increased violence. Local competition for resources has often been aggravated by “inter-elite” rivalries over privileges such as political and public
service appointments, oversight of projects and admission into schools (IPCR, 2002). Additionally, the specific tropical ethnic structure (with the Hausa, Yoruba and the Igbo constituting the three major groups) in Nigeria is particularly unstable and often in conflict. The interplay between the tropical structure and communal identities has been aggravated overtime by systematic patterns of inequalities (Joseph 2008)
Internally displaced persons (IDP’s) the vast majority of whom are women and children face a range of threat to their physical safety and restriction on their freedom of movement and traumatized. The violence that prompted them flee and are afraid to return to those home that are destroyed and damage by conflict and flooding have nowhere to go back to. Most internally displaced persons family’s lives and share resources with host community. (Okwudibia 2003)
In popular dialogue about NGO in countries of conflict relief is typically seen as a nobler of two option, provide aid or get out, whether an organization remain at the scene of evacuate, it typically continues to educate global civil society about situation make place for financial support, and drags (inter) governmental actors “do something” to the average donor, distanced from violence unaware of the complexity and local politics. The level of action can seem brilliant, brave, even hopeful, Aail (2009) explain often NGO’s in conflict are not examined critically because if they are at least meeting some basic needs. They are doing more than we could have expected, helping a population so vulnerable at so great risk. In theory it seems reasonable to ask, “Shouldn’t the rest of the world simply appreciate the effort”? (ibidP.24). A small grouping number of organizations advocate a much broader range of activities. Those group termed “peace and/or conflict resolution organization (P/C RO) are as self conscious about ending violent conflict are generalized transnational NGO’s about ending poverty (Gideon, 2002) P/CRO, like The Search for Common Ground, The Carter Centre, The Community of Saint” Edido, Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, other crisis management institute, focus almost exclusively on methods of conflict prevention resolution and transformation.
Often actors of conflict assume an unstated division of labor, the public sector maintain responsibility for violence prevention and peace – making while private sector response to immediate need such as disease, drought and displacement, P/CRO fundamentally challenge the assertion (Gidron, 2002), Sarfoli (2009). Those group anise local consciousness’s, open dialogue, monitor, advocate, mediate, negotiate and facilitate reconciliation. They function like civilian diplomats pursing solution peace – building balancing violence mitigation with social justice, aware that ignoring political realities doesn’t make them disappear P/CRO’s abandon lip service to neutrality and forge ahead long into socio – political conflict.
Such organizations are minorities but lesson learned from those activities can applied elsewhere conflict are complex and multilayered, no magic bullet will end violence only holistic peace building occurring at multiple dimension at all level of society will produce lasting peace resolution. As a result there is shortage of work to be done in the field of peace and conflict resolution and few P/CRO’s cannot act alone since generalized development NGOs have communicated to long term solution structural society change, strategic conflict transformation fit naturally among their objectives. Those transnational gain being enormous capacity to the work in addition to trillions of dollars they have socio – political resource aplenty, connections with local civil society. Approval of local government relevant cultural and historically knowledge, established country offices and staff well worn system of delivery and vast internationally access to donors and advocate to squander those resources on emergency aid is an enormous less for promise of the world peace. As traditional development NGOs begin to include peace world in their repertoire of response, they can learn from pitfall and success of P/CPO’s. This thesis will draw on such lesson, explored in growing literature to suggest recognized NGO and conflict.(Margaret 2011)
- STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Effort by national and state to address their needs are inconsistent and poor access means support from international agencies and Nigeria civil society is also limited people who live in or near camps receive some assistance but often not enough to meet their food and other basic needs. They also live in cramped and unhygienic condition, most vulnerable IDP’s, the young, older people and those with disabilities are most at risk. There is a lack of strategy guiding humanitarian assistance and only limited assistance. Discussion of durable solution at both national and local level, the full impact of displacement in Nigeria is unclear, because figures are often only available after larger scale crisis. Estimates suggest that violence and disaster cause by natural hazards have forced a staggering number of people to flee their houses, but information is anecdotal and primary about the majority of the IDP’s who live in camps. Data collection is inconsistent and unreliable leading to alarming lack of understanding displacement dynamics and fragmented and inadequate responses. Since Nigeria returned to democracy civilian rule 1999 successive government had failed to adequately address growing insecurity, thousands of people have died in recurring inter – communal conflict and politically motivated violence which trigger wave of displacement in the North – East, North – Central and Middle Belt region (ICG April, 2014). The country rank 11th on the minority right group counting index of civilian at risk for 2014 minority right camps (July, 2014).(Sabastain 2014)
Episode of inter communal violence in the Middle Belt state Plateau, Tabara, Benue and Nasarawa have left more than 400 people death in 2014 and caused unknown amount of displacement and destruction, (Nigeria security tracker) in the east and north east, more than 85,000 people fled their houses between January and August including in states affected by Boko Haram such as Bauchi and Taraba (OCHA December, 2013 & SRP August, 2014). Tension have aggravate by government policies that effectively make millions of Nigerians second – class citizen by discriminating.
- People fled to urban areas from villages, while those from cities to rural areas, then the host community will face with inadequate basic amenities, lack of portable drinking water, food, shelter, are force into secondary displacement.
- The threat of life and freedom of movement where IDP are restricted to move freely as they used to moved in camps.
- Violence experienced by women and children are vulnerable to molestation and abuses, during their stayed in those displacement facilities.
- Forced eviction from informal settlement as a result of conflict crisis that displaced them from the domicile.
- Inability of electoral bodies to transferred electoral materials like voters did to their new dewing place where they register their card initially, IDPs are been disenfranchise in terms of election.
- RESEARCH QUESTION
- Is finance the cause of the problem, of lack of impact of Non-governmental Organization?
- Is starvation the effect, of lack of impact of Non-governmental Organization?
- Is Government assistance, through NEMA the solution to lack of impact of the Non-governmental Organization?
Research hypotheses:
- There is no significant deference in finance, as the cause of lack of impact of Non-governmental Organization?
- There no significant difference in starvation, as effect of lack of impact of Non-governmental Organization to the internally displaced person?
- There is no significant difference of Government assistance, through NEMA as a solution to lack of impact of Non-governmental Organization?
- PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
A study of this nature has become imperative because a society in perpetual conflict is society in perpetual stagnation. No society can develop or make meaningful progress in an atmosphere of chaos and anarchy, so the need to get the root of the problem besetting Plateau state in general and Nigeria that had lead to so many camps full with displaced persons.
However, the purpose of this study will include the following:
- To examine the processes and strategies imperative those employed by Non-governmental organization in rehabilitating and reintegrating those reform.
- To investigate into the social problems associated with internally displaced persons IDP’s and government agency and resolution.
- Advocating for non – violent method of state and NGO conflicts and resolution.
- Pressuring the government to create infrastructure, to meet the need of local populists displaced.
- Insisting on forward – looking justice in peace settlement process.
Why humanitarian intervention is necessary and feasible as compelling concerns or arguments of humanitarian intervention may be. The arguments on the side are ultimately weightier. Kofi Annan raised the moral issue at the UN General Assembly in 1999 and 2000, when he ask the international community’s to find consensus on how state should response to “a Rwanda, to a Srebrenica, how systematic violation of human rights that affect every precept of our common humanity.
Undetermined number of IDPs in Nigeria, 2008 there are no reliable statistics of internally displaced persons and no general agreement on the actual number in absent of any comprehensive survey available are generally estimated provide by government and non – governmental agencies. According to Moremi Soyinka – Onijala former Special Assistant to the Nigerian Migration and Humanitarian Affairs, estimate the number of IPDs in Nigeria had varied from 500,000 to million (Brookings, June 2006, P.8). Complex movement pattern combined with overwhelming lack o data Nigeria makes the issue of number of IDPs very problematic. There has been no systematic registration or verification of number of IDPs and figure are “grossly misleading” according to ZannaMahammed deputy director National Emergency Management Agency, the National Commission for Refugees estimate in its midyear 2007 report the number of IDPs at 1.210,000 with no distinction IDPs and returnee.it is therefore safe to say there is undermined number of IDPs in Nigeria. (Chemin 2008)
Actual figure of internally displace persons IDPs and non – governmental agencies humanitarian service is determine through thesis. However, there are certain unresolved problem are achievable where there is research carried.
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
A study of this kind has a great significance to human being living in a community in which displaced persons are striving to survive; First and foremost the study is aim at examining:
- Information strategy remain a vital point in studying internally displaced persons (IDPs) covering Jos crisis.
- The recommendation on sustainability of the internally displaced person’s IDPsrehabilitating and reintegration, including psychological counseling of the victim of violence.
- The Jos Plateau local government areas, working in collaboration with the federal policies and civil society organization.
- Internal donor should carry a research and plan the engagement of radical element, of opposing community’s reconciliation and peace building.
- The Nigerian government and state government agencies should set-up a long-term reintegration policy plan, to carter for internally displaced persons.
- The finding of this thesis will show clearly inter-religious faith peace committee, a community base synergy in building trust among various ethnic group the benefit of co-existing together in their displacement.
- This study will also go a long way in motivating public awareness in removing stigma, which is a fundamental sickness in addressing internally displaced persons suffering the trauma they had undergo.
- Will also improve on the service render to humanity by the NGO/IGO and effective mobilization, towards structuring their facilities in the camps and provide basic needs like portable drinking water, housing, food and health services.
- SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This range covered books, journals, discussion concerning the impact of non – governmental organizations in managing internally displaced persons (IPDs), both transnational and local conflicts that had occurred in the past to enable the research work be useful for future purpose. With a complex range of ethnic, religious and linguistic group competing for access to resources, outbreak of violence leading to significant situation of short – term internal displace persons seek refuge with family and friends while waiting for the violence to subsides so they can return to their homes. Complex displacement pattern and lack of comprehensive and reliable survey make agreeing on IDPs number almost impossible. In the absent of accurate statistics, IDPs need often go undetected and response of often ad-hoc and insufficiency. Similarly, in one of the work example of communal clash violence in the country Nigeria in the years past, at end 2008 people fled the city of Jos – Plateau state to find refuge in local churches, mosque and army or police barracks.
More than a year before the new administration was sworn in, persistent challenge remain failure to provide good government across the country development assistance from UN Assistance Development Framework for 2009 – 2012 will provide effective framework in addressing reoccurring displacement if agencies achieve effective coordination and there national political well to support them to improve their economic development socially.
The result of this study is obtainable to any area both Nigeria and abroad, this is because difference in environmental feature, population socio – economic and educational level of the citizen which this research report desire to champion their yearning and crying for managing of internally displace persons IDP’s. Finally, this particular study sample was taken only within Plateau state and environs Jos Nigeria precise Jos South.
- OPERATIONAL DIFFINATION OF TERM
IMPACT:A significant or strong influence of change that organization work, with government in trying to established a programmed that will either benefit NGOs directly also the government and the citizen. The ensure the provide adequate education health services can also influence micro-credit p.28 .p.60-61
MANAGEMENT: The fall 1994 conference of the United States Institute of Peace, “Managing Chaos: Coping with International Conflict into the Twenty-First Century, “provided a timely forum for numerous discussions regarding the changing character of international conflict, the new institutions of conflict resolution, and the new diplomacy and tools for conflict management. While the conference focused on the most important foreign affairs issues of our time, it gave special attention to the changing— and expanding—role of NGOs in managing international conflict. (Pamela 1996)
NGO’s: Scholars and institutions define NGOs differently. For instance the World Bank defines Ngo as “private organizations that pursue activities to relieve suffering, promote the interests of the poor, protect the environment, provide basic social services, or undertake community development” (Operational Directive 14.70)Gerald M. Steinber (2003) defined NGOs as autonomous non-profit and nonparty/ politically affiliated organizations that advance a particular cause or set of causes in public Interest. (Deborah 2007)
IDP’s: Internal displacement reflects two major components of the IDPs; the coercive or otherwise involuntary character of movement and the fact that such movement takes place within national borders. First, some of the most common causes of involuntary movements are armed conflict, violence, human rights violation and disasters (NRC, 2009). Thus, it is important to note that these causes have in common that they give no choice to people but to leave their homes and deprive them of the most essential protection mechanisms, such as community networks, access to services and livelihoods. The second component of the IDPs is the movement within national borders. Since IDPs remain legally under the protection of national authorities of their habitual residence, unlike refugees who have been deprived of the protection of their state (country) of origin, they are of origin; they are expected to enjoy the same rights as the rest (displaced) of the population. :(Durosaro 2011)
LGA: Local Government Authority is the tier of government that is closer to the people at the grassroots. Local government authority is just as any government level that is enshrined with the responsibility backing of the constitution.(4) The composition of the Government of a State, a local government council, or any of the agencies of such Government or council, and the conduct of the affairs of the Government or council or such agencies shall be carried out in such manner as to recognize the diversity of the people within its area of authority and the need to promote a sense of belonging and loyalty among all the people of the Federation.(Constitution 1999).
REFERENCES
Joseph (2008)
Strategic Conflict Assessment (SCA) of Nigeria, Consolidate and Zonal Report Second Edition Institute for Peace and Conflict Resolution (NNDP).
Okwudiba(2003)
Communal Conflict and Population Displacement in Nigeria,a Research Report by OkwudibaNnoli, Edited 2003
Ali Mahammed (2009)
NEMA in Collaboration for Disaster Management NN 2009. No.14.146 September, 24, P.10
Durosaro (2011)
Problem and coping Strategies of Internally displaced Adolescent in Jos
Sebastian’s (2014)
Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) Sub-Saharan Africa/Nigeria. Nigeria Multiple Displacement Crisis Overshadow by Boko Haram.
Chemin (2008)
International displacement monitoring centre International conflict cause ongion displacement.
Jana (2011)
The Geneva Declaration A cycle of Deadly Ethno-Religious conflict in Jos plateau State of Nigeria
Pamela (1996)
Responses to International conflicts Highlights from the managing chaos cconference NGO AND CONFLICT manager United State Institute of peace
John (2007)
NGO millennium Development Goal and Univarsal primary Education Uganda, a Thoeritical Exploration post by Brillon on (Mar, 7, 2013) fall (2007) John Daniel BakiningaIbembe , Ph.DBusoga University
Constitution (1999)
Constitution of Federal Republic of Nigeria
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What are the impact or NongovernmentalOrganization s on the lives of citizen of Tanzania
THE IMPACT OF NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATION IN MANAGEMENT OF INTERNALLY DISPLACE PARSONS (A STYDY OF JOS SOUTH LOCAL GOVENRMENT AREA)
