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EVALUATION OF BEHAVIOUR CHANGE CAMPAIGNS ON HIV/AIDS PATIENTS IN KOGI STATE
ABSTRACT
This study entitled “Evaluation of behaviour change campaigns on HIV/AIDS patients in Kogi State” is aimed at assessing the impact of behaviour change campaigns on HIV/AIDS patients in Kogi State. The study adopted survey and indebt interview (triangulation) methods. With the aid of proportionate sampling technique, one thousand, one hundred and nineteen (1,119) respondents were sampled from the ten (10) designated hospitals in the three (3) senatorial districts in Kogi State. In the same way, out of one thousand, one hundred and nineteen (1,119) copies of questionnaire distributed through the use of accidental procedure, one thousand, ninety-six (1,096) copies of questionnaire were retrieved. Both questionnaire and interview were employed as instruments of data collection. These data were categorized and analyzed using thematic analysis. The outcome of these analyses revealed that 91% of the HIV/AIDS patients listened to the campaigns. In the same way, seventy-three percent (73%) of the respondents affirmed that their awareness level was very high. It further revealed that the contexts of behaviour change campaigns determine accessibility of the message to the target population to a very great extent (46%); condoms and total abstinence were the best measures in preventing HIV/AIDS infections. Discrimination and stigmatization remained the bane of HIV/AIDS spread in Kogi State. It was further revealed that employment of the patients would discourage them from risky behaviours. Based on these findings, the following recommendations were made: that KOSACA should conduct audience research to determine appropriate channels and contexts for behaviour change campaigns. KOSACA in collaboration with the Kogi State Government should develop a new promotional concept to decongest the emotions of the HIV/AIDS patients about the issue of stigmatization and discrimination which has become the bane of HIV/AIDS spread in Kogi State; the Kogi State Government in collaboration with the Federal Government, the employers of labour and other agencies like the Catholic Relief Organization should grant “healthcare amnesty” to all the HIV/AIDS patients in form of automatic employment as granted to freedom fighters by the Federal Government of Nigeria; and the healthcare providers should inculcate the virtues of honesty and truthfulness on the patients to disclose their status without fear of stigmatization and discrimination.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page ———————————————————————– i
Approval Page —————————————————————– ii
Certification ——————————————————————– iii
Dedication ——————————————————————— iv
Acknowledgements ———————————————————– v
List of Tables —————————————————————— vii
List of Figures ————————————————————— ix
Table of Contents ————————————————————- x
Abstract ————————————————————————- xiii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study ———————————————— 1
1.2. Brief History of Kogi State——————————————— 3
1.3 Statement of the Problem ———————————————— 4
1.4 Objectives of the Study ————————————————– 5
1.5 Research Questions —————————————————– 5
1.6 Research Hypothesis —————————————————- 6
1.7 Scope of the Study ——————————————————- 6
1.8 Significance of the Study ———————————————— 6
1.8 Definition of key terms————————————————- 7
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General Theoretical Models of Campaign for Change———- 9
2.1.1 The Logic Model——————————————————- 10
2.2 Application of the Theories of Persuasion to Campaigns——- 11
2.2.1 Definition of Persuasion ——————————————– 12
2.2.2 Social Judgement Theory—————————————— 12
2.2.3 Elaboration Likelihood Model ———————————– 13
2.2.4 The Central Route to Persuasion——————————- 14
2.2.5 Elaborated Arguments ——————————————- 14
2.2.6 The Peripheral Routes to Persuasion ———————— 15
2.2.7 Cognitive Dissonance Theory ——————————– 17
2.2.8 Persuasion through Dissonance —————————— 17
2.2.9 Narrative Paradigm ——————————————— 18
2.3 The Role of Behaviour Change Communication in Risk Reduction— 20
2.4 Communicative Challenges for HIV/AIDS in Kogi State——– 22
2.5 An Overview of HIV/AIDS Situation in Kogi State ————- 23
2.6 The Role of Religious Institutions in Promoting HIV/AIDS Awareness in Nigeria- ——— —————————————————————– 24
2.7 Media and HIV/AIDS Campaigns in Nigeria ————————- 27
2.8 Impact of Billboards on HIV/AIDS Awareness in Nigeria —– 29
2.9 The Use of Posters in HIV/AIDS Awareness Campaigns —— 32
2.10 Impact of Information on HIV/AIDS Awareness in Kogi State—————- 33
2.11 Adolescent Sexual Behaviour: Its Implications for Spread of HIV/AIDS in North Central Nigeria ————————————————————- 33
2.12 HIV/AIDS and Government Policy in Nigeria —————— 35
2.13 Condom in the Discourse of HIV/AIDS ———————— 38
2.14 The Place of Female Condom in HIV/AIDS Prevention ———- 44
2.15 Empirical Evidence on the Effects of Behaviour Change Campaigns on
HIV/AIDS ——————————————————————- 46
2.16 Theoretical Framework ————————————————– 51
2.16.1 The Extended Parallel Process Model —————————————– 51
2.16.2 Theory of Reasoned Action ——————————————- 52
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOY
3.1 Research Design ————————————————————- 55
3.2 Population of the Study ————————————————— 56
3.3 Sample Size —————————————————————– 56
3.4 Sampling Technique —————————————————— 57
3.5 Instruments of Data Collection —————————————— 58
3.6 Method of Data Collection ———————————————— 58
3.7 Validity of the Instruments ———————————————- 58
3.8 Reliability of the Instruments ———————————————— 58
3.9 Method of Data Analysis —————————————————- 59
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS/DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
4.1 Data Presentation ——————————————————– 61
4.3.1 Test of Hypotheses —————————————————- 80
4.3.2 Hypothesis one ——————————————————– 81
4.3.3 Hypothesis two ——————————————————– 82
4.3.4 Hypothesis three —————————————————— 84
4.3.5 Presentation of Qualitative Data from the Chairman KOSACA————- 85
4.3.6 Qualitative Data Presentation from Healthcare Givers and Patients—— 87
4.4 Data Analysis ———————————————————— 91
4.4.1 Research Question one ——————————————— 91
4.4.2 Research Question Two ——————————————– 93
4.4.3 Research Question Three —————————————— 94
4.4.4 Research Question Four ——————————————– 94
4.4.5 Research Question Five ——————————————— 95
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary —————————————————————- 96
5.2 Conclusion ————————————————————– 97
5.3 Recommendations —————————————————— 98
5.4 Limitations of the study ———————————————– 100
5.5 Suggestions for Further Studies———————————————- 101
BIBLIOGRAPHY ———————————————————– 102
Books ————————————————————————— 102
Journals ———————————————————————– 104
Internet Sources ————————————————————- 108
APPENDICES ————————————————————– 110
Appendix I: Questionnaire ———————————————– 110
Appendix II: Letter to the Chairman (KOSACA) —————— 115
Appendix III: Transcription of Personal Interview to Healthcare givers and Interview to the HIV/AIDS Patients in Kogi State. ———————————- 123