GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACTS OF JIBIA DAM ON JIBIA TOWN AND ITS ENVIRONS KATSINA STATE NIGERIA  

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GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACTS OF JIBIA DAM ON JIBIA TOWN AND ITS ENVIRONS KATSINA STATE NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

In order to analyze the impact of Jibia dam on Jibia town and its environment, land use land cover of the area before and after the dam were mapped and analyzed using remotely sensed data. Supervised maximum likelihood classification algorithm was used for the classification of Landsat imageries. The changes in land use and land cover were analyzed. The positives and negatives impact of Jibia dam were also mapped and analyzed. The population growth of Jibia town was analyse by projecting the 1991 population census data of the surrounding localities to 2003 and 2016. Population densities at different periods were computed and compared. The master plan of Jibia dam was compared with the developments of the study area in the post-dam periods under study. Also, questionnaire on the impacts of the dam on the socio-economic activities were administered, retrieved and analysed. The results revealed that, the settlements expand from 1% to 3%. Irrigation area remain fixed. Water body increase from 4% to 9% of the study area. Forest decreased from 3% to 1%. Farmland decreased from 60% to 46% Bareland from 33% to 30% from 1986 to 2016 respectively. The positive impact of Jibia dam is the supply of water and provision of social amenities, construction of service and farm roads Chama park recreational area. While imposed constraint on the expansion of surrounding communities is the major negative impact focused in this study. Jibia town is the most populated settlement around the dam. The development of the study area in the post-dam period did not comply with the design master plan of the dam. The construction of Jibia dam improved the socio-economic activities of people living Jibia town.

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE                                                                                                            i

DECLARATION                                                                                                      ii

CERTIFICATION         iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS        iv

ABSTRACT                                                                                                              v

TABLE OF CONTENT                                                                                           vi

LIST OF FIGURES                                                                                                  xii

LIST OF TABLES                                                                                                    xiv

CHAPTER ONE                                                                                                       1

      INTRODUCTION                                                                                                    1

1.1       Background of the Study                                                                             1

1.2       Statement of the Research Problem                                                           4

1.3       Research Question                                                                                        5

1.4       Aim and Objectives of the Study                                                                5

1.5       Scope of the Study                                                                                        5

1.6       Justification of the Study                                                                             6

      1.7       The Study Area                                                                                             6

1.7.1 Locational setting                                                                                             6

1.7.2 Climate                                                                                                             7

1.7.3 Water bodies                                                                                                    8

1.7.4 Jibia Irrigation Project                                                                                      9

1.7.5 Socio-economic activities                                                                                10

CHAPTER TWO         11 LITERATURE REVIEW        11

      2.1       Global Trend of Dam                                                                                    11

2.1.1 Purpose of constructing the Dam                                                                     12

2.1.2 Technology of Dam construction                                                                     13

2.1.3 Urban growth                                                                                                   13

2.1.4 Uses of Dam                                                                                                     15

      2.2       Impacts of Dam                                                                                             15

2.2.1 Impact on Man                                                                                                 15

2.2.2 Impact on hydraulic system                                                                             16

2.3       Emergence of Dam Construction in Nigeria                                              17

2.3.1 Jibia Dam                                                                                                         18

2.4       Remote Sensing and Land Use/Cover Change                                          19

2.5       Accuracy Assessment of the Classification                                                 21

2.6       Monitoring the Land Use-Cover Changes with Earth Satellite Data      22

2.6.1 Digital elevation                                                                                               27

2.7       Recent Application of Remote Sensing and GIS on Analysis of the      

Impacts of Dam to Environment                                                                 28

 

2.8       Gaps Identified                                                                                              29

CHAPTER THREE                                                                                                  31

      RESEARCH METHODOLOGY                                                                            31

3.1       Framework of Research Methodology                                                       31

      3.2       Reconnaissance Survey                                                                                31

3.2.1 Office reconnaissance                                                                                      31

3.2.2 Field reconnaissance                                                                                        32

      3.3       Data Used                                                                                                      32

3.3.1 Remotely sense data                                                                                         32

3.3.2 Population census data                                                                                     33

3.3.3 Ground control points                                                                                      33

3.3.4 Maps of Dam facilities                                                                                     34

3.4       Device and Software Used                                                                            34

      3.5       Image Processing                                                                                          34

3.5.1 Image pre-processing                                                                                       35

3.5.2 Geometric correction                                                                                       35

3.5.3 Image enhancement                                                                                         36

3.6       Selection of Training Data                                                                           36

 

3.7       Image Classification                                                                                     36

3.8       Error Matrix for Accuracy Assessment of the Classification                  37

3.9       Change Detection                                                                                         38

3.10     Determination of the Rate of Development                                                39

3.11     Determination of the Imposed Constraint                                                 39

3.12     Mapping                                                                                                         40

3.13     Comparison between Jibia Dam Master Plan and the Development of the area Overtime                                                                                  41

 

3.14     Terrain Analysis                                                                                           41

3.15     Analysis of the Population Growth in Jibia                                               42

3.16     Data Integration                                                                                           43

CHAPTER FOUR                                                                                                    46

      RESULTS AND DISCUSSION                                                                               46

4.1       Image Pre-Processing                                                                                   46

4.2       Results of the Impact of Jibia Dam on Land Use Land Cover Changes

(1986-2016)                                                                                                    47

 

4.3       Mapping Accuracy                                                                                       51

      4.4       Results of Land-Use Land-Cover Change Detection                                54

4.4.1 Land use land cover change detection between 1986-1990                             54

4.4.2 Land use land cover change detection between 1990-2003                             55

4.4.3 Land use Land cover change Detection Between 2003-2016                          60

      4.5       Land Use Land Cover Change between 1986 and 2016                            62

4.5.1 Settlements                                                                                                       63

4.5.2 Bareland                                                                                                           63

4.5.3 Water bodies                                                                                                    64

4.5.4 Agriculture and forest                                                                                       64

4.5.5 Modern irrigation site                                                                                      65

4.6       Rate of Land Use Land Cover Changes in the Study Area.                     65

      4.7       Some Positive Impacts of Jibia Dam on Jibia Town                                 69

4.7.1 Domestic and irrigation supply and distribution facilities                               69

4.7.2 Impact of Jibia dam on irrigation farming                                                       71

4.7.3 Impact of Jibia dam on flood control in the downstream areas                       73

4.7.4 Accessibility of farm product to Jibia market                                                  73

4.7.5   Impact of dam on recreational activities                                                         76

      4.8       Negative Impact of Jibia Dam                                                                     78

4.8.1      Analysis of the Negative Impacts of Jibia Dam and Gada River on Jibia Town

78

4.9       Analysis of the Population Growth of Jibia Town                                    83

4.10     Analysis of the Compliance of the Current Development and Master  Plan of the Study Area.                                                                                 89

 

4.11     Analysis of the Impacts of Jibia Dam on the Socio-Economic of People    

Leaving in Jibia Town                                                                                 94

 

CHAPTER FIVE                                                                                                 98 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS                        98

5.1       Conclusions                                                                                                   98

5.2       Recommendations                                                                             100

5.3       Contribution to Knowledge                                                                       101

REFERENCES                                                                                              102

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

                   1.1       Background of the Study

Dam is a barrier constructed across the watercourse to impound a round-up water for irrigation farming, domestic needs, a source of energy for hydropower generation, flood control, recreation, transportation etc. As a result, large dam project has gained high popularity both in developed and developing countries. Currently, almost all major rivers in the world have at least one dam to meet the water and energy need of growing population (W.C.D, 2011). However, some of the negative impacts of dam include mass scale displacement of people, change in river hydrology and ecology, change in water quality, destruction of historical Artifact, microclimate change, change in social, cultural, and economic structure of the region, increase in water sourced illness, change in water-soil-nutrient relation, destruction of revering valleys, grassland, Fadama areas and site of historical importance. (Dalil et al., 2013)

In Nigeria between 1962 and 1968 there was an attempt to conceptualized the water resources development, consequently, lake Chad and River Niger Basin commissions were set up in collaboration with neighboring countries to respond to the declining performance of the agricultural sector in the 1970s and especially with the rise in oil revenue during the same period. The strategy of comprehensive River Basin

Development (RBD) was adopted. Consequently, several River Basin Development Authorities (RBDA) were established to principally accelerate Agriculture and rural development through an enhanced food and industrial crop production especially in the dryer Northern parts of the country. Sokoto Rima River Basin Development Authority (SRRBDA) is among the initial RBDA established in the Sokoto-Rima Valley Northwest Nigeria. Toachieve the set of objectives of the SRRBDA, Several Dams, and Irrigation Schemes were constructed in the Basin areas, Jibia Dam is one of such Dams. (SRRBDA., 1991)

Jibia Dam was constructed on a Gada River in the 1980s. The Dam is 3680m length, 21.5 meters high, 9.50 meters’ crescent length, 1.3m and 1.25m up and down the width of the downstream. The Dam can create 1.2m/s pressure at the base of the Dam. Thus, permit the water to flow through the lower portion of the Dam to the treatment plant and pumping station respectively for Domestic and irrigation needs. The primary purpose of constructing Jibia Dam was to impound water for irrigation farming and domestic needs. The project consists of two-surface Reservoir of 35000m3 and 45000m3 for supplying irrigation water to a network of 192km irrigation Canals for distribution of water to 3500 Hectares of farmland in Jibia, Faru, Magama, Mazanya, Kagadama, Farfaru, Lankwasau, and Gadurge section. In addition, a 12,000m3 capacity treatment plant constructed to supply domestic water to three reservoirs (Makiyawa, Kwalingyar and Kukar Babangida Reservoir) for distribution through lateral and service line pipes to the consumers for Domestic used and firefighting in a surrounding Municipality (that is Jibia, Magama, Mazanya, Kukar Babangida, Farfaru, Wushin Buku, Faru, Dan

Tambara, Lankwasau, Garin Malamai). (SRRBDA.,1989)

However, some of the advantages of Jibia dam are: water supply for irrigation farming, domestic water supply and distribution by the Katsina state water board Jibia district, construction of Jibia Chama recreational park at the west bank of the impounded reservoir for Recreational and tourist activities, construction of the control drainage for emptying the excess irrigation water to either reservoir or Gada River for Re-circling. The rising of the level of the groundwater tablet which made digging well easier and more economical. There were large-scale land use land cover changes (from Farmland,

Forest, Settlements, Fadama to water body) because of the Dam, this led to the relocation of people living within the reservoir axis (that is Zandam, Mazanya,

Mallamawa, Farfaru Malamai, Farfaru Maguzawa, Makiyawa, etc) to the towns such as Magama, Kwari and Faru town in order to sustain Irrigation farming. Artificial bound imposed by irrigation canals on the expansion of the Jibia town and other surrounding communities and reduction of reservoir storage capacity due the blockage of sediment by the dam are among the negative impacts of Jibia dam

Studies conducted in various regions of the world have indicated that Man’s attempts to re-engineer and manage the shrinking and uneven water resources distribution are in direct conflict with natural systems. World Commission on Dams (Water Commission Day, 2003) pointed out that dams have significantly contributed to the human development and the benefits derived from such have been noteworthy.  Notwithstanding, the social, economic and environmental cost has been unacceptably high.  Resource regulatory bodies and intellectuals have, therefore, begun to think ways to shorten the environmental and socio-economic price of reservoirs. Recently, international initiatives on Sustainable Development (2002), World Water Forum

(2003), World Commission on Dams (1997-2002), and the continuing Dams and Development Project of the United Nations Environment Programmes have reaffirmed the commitment of many governments and international agencies (including the World

Bank) to dam growth, but in a manner which mirrors modern environmental concerns. (Dalil et al., 2013)

Geographic information system (GIS) is an integrated collection of computer software and data used to view and manage information about geographical places, analyze, spatial relationships and model spatial processes. A GIS provides a framework for gathering and organizing spatial data and related information so that it can be displayed and analyzed. Geographic and geospatial are synonymous, spatial is a space either on the earth surface, water body, celestial bodies etc. (Longley et al., 2005) this means that geospatial is a subset of spatial. Geospatial technology is a set of technology approaches, such as GIS, Remote sensing, and GPS for acquiring and manipulating geographic data. Advance in geospatial technology, especially the development of both hardware and software component of GIS and remote sensing have revolutionized spatial data acquisition, processing, interpretation and presentation method. (Ghilani, 2008). The uses of GIS as a tool in the process of data identification, and analysis has been well established in the literature and many others similar studies, has shown that

GIS and remote sensing could be used for various analyses including Analysis of

Geospatial constrain imposed by dam to the surrounding communities. (Li et al., 2009)

1.2 Statement of the Research Problem

The geospatial impacts of dams on the surrounding environment have been extensively documented in many parts of the world (WCD 2003). Studies such as those of Qinghe et al., (2010) on the analysis of the “effect of dam construction on spatio-temporal change of land use of manwan, lancang River Yunnan”; and Vallier (2012) on the” effects of dams on stream habitat and communities”. In Nigeria, studies like those of Dalil et al., (2013) on the “Impact of Gurara dam on land cover in the surrounding communities of Kaduna State”, Nigeria, Zember et al., (2016) “analysis of environmental and economic effects of Kiri Dam”, Adamawa State, Nigeria, (Dukiya,

2013) on the “Spatial Analysis of the Impacts of Kainji Hydropower Dam on the down Stream”. These types of studies were not conducted on the impact of Jibia dam in the Region.

The above studies have not address; the relationship between the proximity of the dam location and the expansion of the surrounding communities, the compliance between the master plan of dam and the development of the region, analysis of the vulnerability of the surrounding communities to flooding, and the impact of dam on the socio-economic activities of people and the effect of dam on population growth of the surrounding communities was not conducted in the reviewed literatures.

1.3 Research Question

  1. Does the construction of Jibia influence land use land cover changes?
  2. What are the positive and negative impacts of Jibia dam on Jibia town?
  3. What is the relationship between Jibia dam and population growth of Jibia town and compliance with Jibia dam Master plan?
  4. Does Jibia dam has impacts on the socio-economic activities of people in Jibia

town?

1.4 Aim and Objectives of the Study

This study aims at the analysis of the impacts of Jibia Dam on Jibia town and its environs in Jibia local Government area.

The objectives of the study are to:

  1. Map and analyse land use land cover changes in the Study area before and after the construction of the dam.
  2. Map and analyse positive and negative impacts of Jibia dam in the Study Area.
  3. Analyse the Population growth of Jibia town and compliance of developments with Master plan.
  4. Analyse the impacts of Jibia dam on the socio-economic activities of people in

Jibia town

1.5 Scope of the Study

The impact of a dam can be a mass land use land cover changes, mass-relocation of people, changing of occupation, destruction of the historical and archeological artifact, altering of the water cycle and so on. In this study, the impacts of Jibia dam on; land use land cover changes,  agriculture, flood control, population growth, socio-economic activities, the compliance of the current development with master plan and relationship between the dam location and its imposed constraints on the development of Jibia town between 1986 to 2016 will be analyzed using satellite imageries and come up with the result that will serve as a platform for decision-makers, town planners, environmentalist, water engineers and researchers for better management of the impact of the dam in the study area.

1.6 Justification of the Study

This study used remote sensing imageries, Digital elevation, 1991 population census data and responses of people in the study area. For the analysis of the impacts of Jibia dam on Jibia town. This study analysed the cumulative analysis of the impacts of Jibia dam on the study area to reveal the cumulative impacts of the dam. The outcome of this study will be used by decision-makers, environmentalist, town planners in decision making and planning the development of the area.

1.7 The Study Area

1.7.1 Locational setting

The study area is the water distribution areas from Jibia Dam. it covers about 333.244 sq km surface area. these areas are located around Jibia Dam about 40km north-west of

Katsina City, and its bounded by Latitude and Longitude of 13o00’7” N, 7o1’5”48E and 12o57’8” N, 7o16’15” E respectively. It borders to the north with Niger Republic, to the west with Gurbi village, to the south with Batsari Local Government and Bugaje village, and to the east. It lies on the main high way from Katsina to Gusau, among the study area is Jibiya town, and it’s a head quarter of the Local Government its located about 1km north of the Dam (Yusuf, 2013).

 

Figure 1 Map of the study area

1.7.2 Climate

The climate of the study area is of Tropical continental type, with wet and dry seasons, roughly following the movement of Tropical Discontinuity. The rainy season lasts for about four months starting from May to late September. The mean annual rainfall is about 690mm and the maximum rainfall has in many instances been experienced in August. This moment, therefore, is the one in which the massive agricultural production takes place. Because there is rain and the land are fertile and conducive enough for the cultivation of agricultural product, the majority of the people concentrates more on agricultural occupation. The dry season, on the other hand, lasts from April to May

While the harmattan season starts   April effect of it is felt most when a dust-laden dry

air across the Sahara blows over the area. However, unlike during the rainy season, the people of Jibiya and indeed those of other parts of northern Nigeria pursue their nonagricultural occupations like dying, weaving, blacksmithing, tanning, trade and so on.

Although there is another large number of people that practice irrigation farming.

(Yusuf, 2013)

1.7.3 Water bodies

The study area is largely crossed by rivers. The area is well watered due to the presence of various rivers located within the area. This happens not only in the raining season when water flows down from Ruma and Zandam rivers into the Gada River but even in the dry season when people dug wells around the rivers to get water which they use for daily use and for irrigation farming before the construction of Jibiya Dam in mid-1980s. The Gada River, in particular, has two outlets, with the one which runs up to Madarunfa and into the other lakes in the Niger Republic, and the other which run up to the GurbinBaure River, all supplying water to Jibiya area the year round. (Yusuf, 2013). The construction of Jibiya Dam on Gada River during the 1980s also contributes to the constant water supply in Jibiya town and nearby Villages. There is a Surface Reservoir of about 2600 hectares impounded by the Dam. Makiyawa water treatment plant was constructed about 1km away from Jibia town. It should be noted that, apart from supplying water for public use, the impounded Reservoir was also designed to supply water to 3500 Hectares of land which is used for irrigation farming. Primary canals with a total of 17km were constructed to supply water to the 175km secondary canal that crisscrossed this vast area of land. Similarly, the total length of the Main Municipal water distribution pipelines is 70km.It can be seen that both before and after the construction of the Dam, Jibiya is a well-watered area not only in the rainy season but also in the dry season. And this explains the reason why one can find fresh agricultural products (especially vegetables) in the Jibiya market, independent of the season (Yusuf, 2013).

1.7.4 Jibia Irrigation Project                                                                                   About

N106 700, 000.00 equivalent to $63,593,200 was committed for the establishment of the project with the aim of improving food production raise farm incomes and improve the standard of living of the people in the area (Daily, 2012). Jibia Dam was constructed across Gada river to capture runoff water and impound it into reservoir (Hassan and

Isah, 2014) the dam is 21m height of embankment 9-meter width, 3680-meter length, 140-meter concrete spillway, 2170m3 discharge capacity, 142 million m3 full storage capacity and 1.2 m/s pressure at the base of the Dam (SRRBDA, 1991).

The establishment of irrigation projects in the country was aimed at creating an opportunity for better utilization of the available resources in the area. The Jibia Irrigation project covers 3500 hectares of land for irrigation and impoundment of 2400 Ha water in the reservoir started in May 1989 (SRRBDA, 1991). But Rowland (1993) and Yusuf (2013) insisted that majority of Nigerians large-scale irrigation projects have not achieved the result expected from them. Because the Dam has the catchments area of 3666 sq km and captured 216 million m3 from Gada river discharge due to the effect that this will cause to the River Development of Gada River Development in the Niger Republic, Nigeria and Niger republic held an interstate agreement and came out with formula for the Sharing of Treated water between the Nations (SRRBDA, 1982). But

Hassan and Isah (2014) in his “Assessment of water supply and Distribution from the Jibia Dam” concluded the Jibia Project had failed to achieve its purpose. Pointed out that, the Dam was constructed to supply domestic water to Katsina, Maradi in the Niger

Republic and all surrounding villages and towns and yet Jibia treatment Plant and Irrigation Project had failed to make Sufficient and consistent Supply of Water to at least 20% of Municipalities and Irrigation Sections intended.

1.7.5 Socio-economic activities

Jibia market, located in Jibiya town, has one of the important markets in Katsina emirate and in Nigeria as a whole. Being a market that is located along the NigeriaNiger border, the market has taken the status of an international market (Yusuf, 2013).

Usually, commercial activities take place every weekend starting from Saturday to

Sunday for Jibia Market and after every Four months for Border Market. People

The projected population of people in the study area in 2016 is about 109,291, the dominant tribe are Hausa and Fulani. However, the fact that Jibiya developed as a border settlement, the economic, social and religious elements serve as an important variable in understanding the people’s composition in the town. It is because of this reason that ethnic groups like Zabarmawa (Songhai), Buzaye (Tuaregs) and Bare-Bari could also be found in the study area especially Jibia town. (Yusuf, 2013)

GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACTS OF JIBIA DAM ON JIBIA TOWN AND ITS ENVIRONS KATSINA STATE NIGERIA

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