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A COMPARISON ASSESSMENT OF THE PREVALENCE DETERMINANT AND HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE AMONG WOMEN IN A RURAL AND AN URBAN AREA IN LAGOS
Abstract
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ABSTRACT
Introduction
Violence against women is a technical term which refers to brutal acts primarily and exclusively committed against women. It is a major public health problem occurring globally and a violation of human rights which adversely affects women, men and children though unnoticed and often undocumented because it is regarded as a taboo. There are several potential perpetrators of violence, however, women are more likely to be victimized by someone that they are intimate with, commonly called ” Intimate Partner Violence”. Intimate partner violence occurs across different age groups, socio-economic classes, and irrespective of marital status and could be physical, emotional or sexual. Identified risk factors for its occurrence include low education, witnessing or being a victim of violence as a child, drug or alcohol use, gender inequality and unemployment particularly of the male partner.
Globally, 1 in 3 women have experienced some form of gender-based abuse during her lifetime. Similar findings have been documented in Africa as well as Nigeria and the practice even justified and condoned in certain cultures. IPV puts a heavy burden on health care services with women who have suffered violence being more likely to need health services and at higher costs, compared to women who have not suffered violence. Increased health problems are well documented by research on IPV in various settings with the health consequences long standing, even after the abuse has ended. Much of the work on IPV has focused on individual-level characteristics, there was therefore increasing need to consider the roles of relationship-level characteristics, community-level characteristics and of factors related to health more broadly.
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Methodology
This was a comparative cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of, identify determinants and report possible health consequences of IPV among women in an urban and a rural area of Lagos state. The study population were women aged 18-49 years in Oshodi/Isolo and Ikorodu local government areas who freely consented to participate in the study using a multi-staged sampling technique. Data was collected using pre-tested interviewer administered questionnaires as well as focus group discussions to complement quantitative findings. This study analysed data collected from four wards in Oshodi/Isolo local government area and six wards in Ikorodu local government area of Lagos state between April and June, 2015. Analysis of data was done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.
Results
There was a statistically significant difference in socio-demographic characteristics such as age, tribe and marital status between the two groups (p<0.05). There was a slight although not statistically significant difference in the prevalence of violence experienced by women with 21.7 percent experiencing violence in the urban group and 27.2 percent in the rural group.
In the urban area, 16.5% of women experienced emotional, physical or sexual violence in the past 12 months, while 21% of women in the rural area experienced any form of violence.
Intimate partner violence in this study was related to a lack of family support or justifying partner violence for any reason in the urban area compared to determinants such as having increasing number of children, justifying partner abuse and having either no education or a tertiary education in the rural area(p=0.05). Residing in the rural area was also a determinant for intimate partner violence.
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Common health problems found in this study were similar to those documented in other studies and include pelvic pain, physical injury, mental health problems, increased use of medications in both urban and rural areas as well as an increased overnight hospital stay in the past year in the urban area.
Conclusion
Findings in this study buttress the fact that the occurrence of violence is an interplay of different factors and as such, variations may solely be due to differences in individuals, culture, and the society. What therefore obtains in one setting though similar, may not apply in another. Strategies to tackle IPV should be multidisciplinary and at various levels. Health workers also have a role to play in not only detecting this problem but also in preventing it.
Title Page———i
Certification——–ii
Dedication———iii
Acknowledgement——-iv
Abstract ———vi
Table of Content——–vii
Chapter One
1.0 Introduction ——-1
1.1 Statement of Problem——4
1.2 Purpose of the Study——5
1.3 Significance of Study——8
1.4 Limitation——–9
1.5 Scope of Study——-11
Chapter Two
2.0 Review of Related Literature —-12
2.6 Summary of Literature Review—- 19
Chapter Three
3.0 Research Methodology and Procedure—22
3.1 Population ——–22
3.2 Sample and Sampling Technique—-22
3.3 Validation of the Instrument —-23
3.4 Reliability of the Instrument —–23
3.5 Data Analysis——-23
Chapter Four
4.0 Presentation and Discussion of Result—24
4.1 Analysis and interpretaion of Data—25
4.2 Discussion of Results——38
Chapter Five
5.0. Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendation –40
5.1 Summary——–40
5.2 Conclusion——–41
5.3 Recommendation——42
References ———45
Appendix 1——–47
Appendix ———50
