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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AGE AT MENOPAUSE AND PERCEPTION OF MENOPAUSE AMONG WOMEN OF DIFFERENT SOCIOECONOMIC CLASSES IN IBADAN
Abstract
Background: Menopause represents the end of a woman’s reproductive years. A varietyof factors have been shown to influence the age at which a woman attains menopause and her experiences during this period of her life. However, many controversies still surround the influence of such factors.
Objective: To determine age at which menopause occurs in women of different socio- economic classes in Ibadan; to identify and compare the factors which are associated with the onset of menopause in these women.
Methods: Community-based, cross-sectional comparative study with both quantitative and qualitative components. Using a multistage sampling method, women of high, middle and low socioeconomic classes who were 40-60 years of age, irrespective of their menopausal status and who resided in selected political wards in Ibadan North local government were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Six focus group discussions were also conducted.
Results: A total of 2414 women were interviewed. Of the women interviewed, 40.4% had attained menopause. Median age at menopause using current status data was found to be 50.2 years (95% CI: 49.3-50.7). Median age for women of high, middle and low socioeconomic classes were 50.2, 50.7 and 49.3 years respectively. The difference in age at natural menopause was statistically significant only between women of middle and lower classes (p=0.03). On a subsample of these women (1210), using retrospective data,
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mean age at menopause was found to be 48.5 ± 4.6 years (median: 49 years). Predictors of attainment of natural menopause were older age, having had no formal education (p=0.01; 95% CI: 0.1-0.8), being younger in age (10-17 years) at first delivery and being 25-40 years at last delivery. Regarding attitude, women with 1-4 children were more likely than women who were nulliparous/grandmultiparous to show a positive attitude to menopause. Women who were postmenopausal and those with a history of moderate dysmenorrhoea were the most likely to have significant menopausal symptoms in the month preceding the survey. Majority of who participated in focus group discussions felt that menopause is a natural phenomenon. Most women in the lower socioeconomic class believed that menstruation is a cleansing process and a women who remains sexually active after the permanent cessation of menses is vulnerable to a wide spectrum of diseases.
Conclusion: Although women of different socioeconomic classes attained menopause around the same age, their attitudes and symptoms differed. The many misconceptions of menopause should be addressed in order to improve the quality of life of women through the menopausal transition and thereafter.
Title Page———i
Certification——–ii
Dedication———iii
Acknowledgement——-iv
Abstract ———vi
Table of Content——–vii
Chapter One
1.0 Introduction ——-1
1.1 Statement of Problem——4
1.2 Purpose of the Study——5
1.3 Significance of Study——8
1.4 Limitation——–9
1.5 Scope of Study——-11
Chapter Two
2.0 Review of Related Literature —-12
2.6 Summary of Literature Review—- 19
Chapter Three
3.0 Research Methodology and Procedure—22
3.1 Population ——–22
3.2 Sample and Sampling Technique—-22
3.3 Validation of the Instrument —-23
3.4 Reliability of the Instrument —–23
3.5 Data Analysis——-23
Chapter Four
4.0 Presentation and Discussion of Result—24
4.1 Analysis and interpretaion of Data—25
4.2 Discussion of Results——38
Chapter Five
5.0. Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendation –40
5.1 Summary——–40
5.2 Conclusion——–41
5.3 Recommendation——42
References ———45
Appendix 1——–47
Appendix ———50
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AGE AT MENOPAUSE AND PERCEPTION OF MENOPAUSE AMONG WOMEN OF DIFFERENT SOCIOECONOMIC CLASSES IN IBADAN
