EFFECT AND IMPLICATION OF FLUORIDE ON DRINKING WELL WATER

EFFECT AND IMPLICATION OF FLUORIDE ON DRINKING WELL WATER

ABSTRACT
Analysis of well water samples was carried out using the colorimetric method to determine the amount of fluoride in fifteen wells water samples in the Iree metropolis of Boripe Local government area of Osun State, Nigeria. The problem of the study is that it was observed that some people living in the area of study are suffering from skeletal deformation and dental fluorosis. This necessitates the study of the fluoride content of the well water in the area.  The well water samples were selected in different parts of the Iree metropolis which are; Small London Zone, off-Campus Zone, B.H.S Zone, Oris Zone, Eyinade Zone, Oke-Aree Zone, and Ladoja Zone. From the results, Small London Zone (Americal Embassy) has 1.0mg/L, (Harmony Garden) has 1.5mg/L and (Sugar Boys Hall) has 0.94mg/L, Off Campus Zone (Alternative Hall) has 0.75mg/L and (His Mercy Hall) has 1.0mg/L, B.H.S Zone (United Kingdom Hall) has 1.2mg/L and (David Liz Hostel) has 1.4mg/L, Oris Zone (Sobaloju Ayoni Hall) has 0.82mg/L, Eyinade Zone (Life International College) has 1.5mg/L, (Terminus  Hall) has 0.98mg/L and (Cotonou Villa) has 1.0mg/L, Oke-Aree Zone (Yakoyo Food Centre) has 1.5mg/L, (Innovated hall) has 1.0mg/L and Ladoja Zone ( Feel at Home Hall) has 1.0mg/L and (New world Phase 4) has 0.95mg/L. It was discovered that some of the well water did not meet up with World Health Organization’s (WHO) standard for the amount of fluoride that should be present in a given portable water which is 1.0-1.5mg/l. From the findings, some wells meet the World Health Organization’s (WHO) standard some did not. Hence, people living in the study area should analyze their wells before drinking and there should be public enlightenment in this regard.

Title Page

Certification/Declaration

Approval Page

Dedication

Acknowledgment

Abstract

Table of content

 

Chapter 1

Introduction

1:1 Introduction

1:2 Background of the Study

1:3 Statements of Problems

1:4 Objectives of the Study

1:5 Research Question

1:6 Study of the Hypothesis

1:7 Significance of the Study

1:8 Justification of the Study

1:9 Scope of the Study

1:10 Definition of Terms

 

Chapter 2

Literature Review

2:0 Introduction

2:1 Conceptual Clarification

2:2 Theoretical Framework

2:3 Literature on the Subject Matter

 

Chapter 3

Research Methodology

3:0 Area of Study

3:1 Source of Data

3:2 Sampling Techniques

3:3 Method Data Collection

3:4 Method of Data Analysis

3:5 Reliability of Instrument

3:6 Validity of Instrument

3:7 Limitations of the Study

 

Chapter 4

Data Analysis

4:0 Introduction

4:1 Finding of the Study

4:2 Discussion of the Study

4:3 Summary

 

Chapter 5

Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendation

5:0 Summary of Findings

5:1 Conclusion

5:2 Recommendations

5:3 Proposal for Further Studies

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION

• General Background

Fluoride is one of the very few chemicals that have been shown to cause significant effects in people through drinking water. Fluoride has beneficial effects on teeth at low concentrations in drinking water, but excessive exposure to fluoride in drinking water, or combination with exposure to fluoride from other sources, can give rise to several adverse effects. These range from mild dental fluorosis to crippling skeletal fluorosis as the level and period of exposure increase. Crippling skeletal fluorosis is a significant cause of morbidity in several regions of the world (J. Fawell, K. Bailey, J. Chilton, E. Dahi, L. Fewtrell, and Y. Magara 2006).

Fluoride is known to occur at elevated concentrations in several parts of the world and such circumstances can have, and often has, a significant adverse impact on public health and well-being (J. Fawell, K. Bailey, J. Chilton, E. Dahi, L. Fewtrell and Y. Magara 2006).

There is now a continuing process of updating the (GDWQ) Guideline for Drinking Water Quality, through which it was concluded that there was a need for a monograph on fluoride in drinking water that would be useful to a wide range of individuals, including health workers and sanitary engineers who may require a broad introduction to the subject, but would still provide more detailed guidance in some specific areas. Such a monograph could provide an appropriate introduction and background information, and indicate where other more detailed information could be obtained. The primary focus of the monograph is the prevention of adverse effects from excessive levels of fluoride in drinking water.

Fluoride is found in all natural waters at some concentration. Seawater typically contains about 1mg l–1 while rivers and lakes generally exhibit concentrations of less than 0.5 mg l–1. In groundwater, however, low or high concentrations of fluoride can occur, depending on the nature of the rocks and the occurrence of fluoride-bearing minerals. Concentrations in water are limited by fluorite solubility, so in the presence of 40 mg l–1 calcium it should be limited to

3.1 mg l–1(Hem, 1989). It is the absence of calcium in the solution which allows higher concentrations to be stable (Edmunds and Smedley, 1996).

Iree town which is the focus of this project work has a very high tendency for the presence of fluoride in its groundwater because of the geological nature of the area. Iree is a town surrounded by different rocks and the presence of this rock naturally leads to the presence of fluoride in all the well water in the Iree metropolis.

The problem that necessitated this project include dental fluorosis and skeletal deformation in some people living in the Iree metropolis.

This project is to determine the effect and implication of fluoride on drinking well water in some areas in the Iree community of Osun state, Nigeria.

 

•   Statement Of The Problem

The problem of the study is the health hazard noticeable among the inhabitants of the study areas such as dental fluorosis and skeletal deformation which may be traceable to the amount of fluoride in well water.

 

•    Aims And Objectives Of The Study

1. To know the required dosage of fluoride needed in drinking well water.
2. To know the health implications of the amount of fluoride in drinking well water in the Iree metropolis.

 

•  Significance of The Study

Fluoride has beneficial effects on teeth at low concentrations in drinking water, but excessive exposure to fluoride in drinking water, or combination with exposure to fluoride from other sources, can give rise to several adverse effects such as Dental fluorosis, and skeletal deformation.

 

        1.5      Scope of the Study

This project work covers well water from Off-campus, Ladoja, Oke Aare, Small London, Oris, B.H.S, and Eyinade area of the Iree metropolis.

 

 

 

 

 

 

1.6 Limitations of the Study

The project work could not cover the entire free community for the following reason

• Financial constraints.
• Time constraints.
• Lack of accessibility in some areas.

 

• Definition Of Terms

EFFECT: This may refer to a result or change of something.

IMPLICATION: This is the conclusion that can be drawn from something, although it is not explicitly stated.

GDWQ: This is the acronym of Guideline for Drinking Water Quality.

FLOUROSIS: This is a condition due to the ingestion of an excess amount of fluorine.

FLOURIDE: Fluoride is the anion of fluorine, it is also the reduced formed of fluorine.

FUMAROLIC GASES: This is a vent in the surface of the Earth from which hot smoke and gases escape.

FLUORIDATION: This is the controlled addition of fluoride to a public water supply to reduce tooth decay.

DENTAL FLUOROSIS: This is a change in the appearance of the tooth’s enamel.

ENDEMIC: This means disease occurs frequently and at a predictable rate in a specific location or population.

ENAMEL: This is a vitreous, usually opaque, protective or decorative coating baked on metal, glass, or ceramic

EFFECT AND IMPLICATION OF FLUORIDE ON DRINKING WELL WATER, GET MORE GEOLOGY PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS

 

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