- : Ms Word, Ms Word Format
- : 70 Pages
- : ₦5,000
- : 1-5 Chapters
This Research Work is on Halitosis Among Student In Shehu Idris College Of Health Science And Technology, Makarfi, Kaduna State
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Halitosis, or most commonly, bad breath, are terms used to describe a noticeably unpleasant odour exhaled while breathing (Gauge, 2007).
Halitosis can be an important social problem in which the standard dental treatment and mouthwash that are often recommended provide only temporary relief. The smell is from an oral source due to bacterial activity (Rosemberg, 2002).
Oral malodor is primarily the result of microbial metabolism; the mouth is the home of hundreds of bacterial species with various nutritional preferences. The most common location for mouth-related halitosis is the tongue. Tongue bacteria produce malordor and fatty acids and account for about 80 to 90 percent of all cases of mouth-related bad breath. Large quantities of naturally occurring bacteria are often found on the dorsum of the tongue, where they are relatively undisturbed by normal activities. This part of the tongue is relatively dry and poorly cleansed, and bacterial populations can thrive on remnants of food deposits, dead epithelial cells, and post-nasal drip. The convoluted microbial structure of the tongue dorsum provides an ideal habitat for anaerobic bacteria, which flourish under a continually forming tongue coating of food debris, dead cells, post-nasal drip and overlying bacteria living and dead when left on the tongue The anaerobic respiration of such bacteria can yield either the putrescent smell of indole, skatole, methyl mercapton, alloymethyl sulphide, or dimethyl sulphide (Tonzentich, 1997).
The organism digests protein, and several fatid substances arise, leading to bad breath. Oral malodor from the overgrowth of proteolytic, anerobic, gramme-negative bacteria in the creavices of the tongue dorsum can be successfully diagnosed and treated (Lochner et al., 2000).
There are several causes of halitosis, although the main one is oral bacteria. Over 90 million people suffer from chronic halitosis, which is a medical term for bad breath. In most cases, halitosis originates from the gums and tongue and is caused by bacteria from the decay of food particles, other debris in the mouth, and poor oral hygiene. In most cases (85–90%), bad breath originates in the mouth itself.
The intensity of bad breath differs during the day due to eating certain foods such as garlic, onions, meat, fish, eggs, cheese, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Since the mouth is exposed to less oxygen and is active during the night, the odour is usually worse upon awakening (morning breath). Bad breath may be transient or disappear following brushing teeth, flushing, or rinsing with a special mouthwash (Tammy Devenport, 2007).
Bad breath may also be persistent (chronic bad breath). Which is a more serious condition affecting some 25 percent of the population in varying degrees. It can negatively affect the individual’s personal, social, and business relationships, leading to poor self-esteem and increased stress. Halitosis is a medical term for bad breath, and this is quite serious as a social disorder. Halitosis can cause extremely embarrassing situations in social interaction and relationships at work and in your personal life as well (Lell et al., 2006).
However, some bad breath seems to be associated with local pathological causes such as gingivitis (especially ANUG), periodontal disease, infected extraction sockets, or other types of oral species. In some cases, other possibilities that favour oral malodor are the presence of residual blood postoperatively, debris under bridges or appliances, ulcers, dry mouth, and the perfection of post-nasal mucus drip stagnating on the tongue (Wd. Kazor, 2002).
Various methods used to control halitosis (bad breath) The most widely known reason to clean the tongue is for the control of bad breath. Methods used against bad breath, such as mints, mouth sprays, and mouth wash, may only temporarily mask the odour created by the bacteria on the tongue but cannot cure bad breath because they don’t remove the source of bad breath. In order to prevent the production of the sulphur-containing compounds mentioned above, the bacteria on the tongue must be removed regularly. Most people who clean their tongue use a tongue scraper or a tooth brush (Dent Hes, 2007).
Statement of the Problems
Eating certain foods, like cooked eggs, garlic, and onions, which, when absorbed into our blood stream, are transferred to the lungs, exhaled breath will be produced as bad breath.
Suffering from some systemic diseases such as liver and kidney disease, diabetic mellitus, and digestive track infection, whereby gases are blocked from passing the stomach or intestines.
When the mouth is dry, saliva production decreases, leaving the mouth’s natural ability to clean itself impaired. Saliva is the mouth’s natural mouthwash, which contains properties that keep the mouth clean.
Purpose of the Study
1) To identify the occurrence of halitosis among students at SICHST Makarfi.
2) To find out the causes of halitosis among students at SICHST Makarfi.
3) To determine the measures of awareness, prevention, and treatment of halitosis.
4) To create hope that there is a solution to the problems of halitosis.
Significance of the Study
The significance of the study is to find out the occurrence of halitosis among the students at SICHST, Makarfi.
This will help to proffer suggestions for understanding the existing oral health problems, developing oral health programmes in the college, assisting oral health practitioners to provide special oral health services such as oral health talks to entire students in SICHST Makarfi, and also helping the management of the college to introduce oral health care in every department.
Research Questions
1) How common is halitosis among students at SICHST Markafi?
2) What are the predisposing factors that lead to halitosis?
3) What are the measures of awareness, prevention, and treatment of halitosis among students at SICHST Makarfi?
Scope of the Study
The scope of this study is limited to halitosis among students at SICHST Makarfi, which consists of causes, prevention, and treatment.
