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OPTIMIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES ALLOCATION IN ANAMBRA-IMO RIVER BASIN
ABSTRACT
The research work was aimed at the optimization of water resources allocation to optimally allocate water to communities within the Anambra- Imo River Basin Development Authority area of jurisdiction. The study concentrated on the subriver basins of Njaba, Mmam, Otamiri and Aboine as sample areas. The optimization process yielded optimal results. Based on the optimal values for the respective communities, allocations for the purposes of domestic use, ecology, energy, industries and mitigation of water leakages/losses were made. In Njaba river basin, the communities of Amucha, Okwudor, Umuaka, Awo-Omama and Nkwesi were allocated 124,410m3, 316,185m3, 539,260m3, 582,196m3 and 56,352m3 quantities of water respectively for domestic and drinking purposes. Domestic use got the biggest quantity while energy use had the least. For instance, in Mmam river basin the corresponding values were 81.3% and 0.10% of the available water. The quantities of water in these sub-basins were estimated and the results showed that the sub-river basins of Njaba, Mmam, Otamiri and Aboine had in storage the total quantities of 86,313,000m3, 52,202,880m3, 228,044,160m3 and 118,428,480m3 volume of water. Sensitivity and post optimality analysis revealed that the unit rise in population input parameter in Mmam and Otamiri river sub-basins gave rise to 25% and 54% increase in the quantity of water allocated for domestic use respectively. The optimised allocation system resulted in cost reduction as seen in Aboine river basin where the existing allocation cost was reduced from 6.04 trillion naira to 5.70 trillion naira. It was therefore recommended that the water resources within the Anambra-Imo River
Basin be optimized for the equitable and fair allocation of water within the basin.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table of Contents vi
1.3 Objectives of Study 5
1.4 Justification of Research 5
| List of Tables | ix | |
| List of Figures
|
xi | |
| CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION | 1 | |
| 1.1 Background of Study | 1 | |
| 1.2 Problem Statement | 3 |
1.5 Project Scope and Limitation 6
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1 Importance of Water 7
2.2 Global Water Concern for the Future 10
2.3 Water Stress In African Communities 11
2.4 Estimation of Groundwater 14
2.5 Requirements of Water For Various Uses 17
2.5.1 Demand for Municipal And Industrial Water 18
2.5.2 Water Demand for Irrigation 25
2.5.3 Water Requirement for Hydropower Generation 27
2.5.4 Water Demand for Navigation and Recreation 28
2.6 Demography and Socio-Economy 29
2.7 Water Demand 30
2.8 Water Resources Allocation Priorities 32
2.9 Water Resources In Nigeria 33
2.10 River Basin Management In Nigeria 38
2.11 Water Supply In Cities 43
2.12 Water As An Economic Good 44
2.13 Multipurpose Water Resources Project 45
2.13.1 Requirements of Objectives in Multipurpose Project 45
2.13.2 Cost Allocation To Various Uses 46
2.14 Water Allocation Models 48
2.14.1 Aquarius 50
2.14.2 General Mathematical Optimization Model 51
2.14.3 Resources Allocation Model 52
2.14.4 Multicommodity Flow Model 54
2.14.5 Goulbourn Simulation Model 55
2.14.6 Murray Simulation Model 56
2.14.7 Mathematical Equations of A Model 56
2.15 Linear Programming Model 59
2.15.1 General Structure of Linear Programming Model 59
2.15.2 Solving Linear Programming Problems 61
2.16 Water Resources Management 63 2.16.1 Water Management Approaches 66
CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY 69
3.1 Area of Study 69
3.1.1 Geographical Map of Study Area 69
3.1.2 Study Area Description 71
3.2 Instrument of Data Collection 76
3.2.1 Population of Study 77
3.2.2 Sample and Sampling Technique 77
3.2.3 Sample Population 77
3.2.4 Survey Research Method 78
3.3 Selection of Sub-River Basins 79
3.4 Derivation of Equations for Study Areas 80
3.5 Solution of Model Equations 86
3.5.1 Sensitivity Analysis 86
3.6 Estimation of Water Available for
Allocation 86
CHAPTER FOUR PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS 91
4.1 Presentation of Results 91
4.1.1 Collected Data From Study Areas 91
4.1.2 Mathematical Model Equations Development 100
4.1.3 Results of Solution of Model Equation 103
4.1.4 Computed Water for Allocation 107
4.2 Results of Model Equation for Sub-River Basins 109
4.3 Field Survey Results 114 4.4 Analysis of Water Allocation In the Sub-Basin 115
4.5 Sensitivity of the Decision Variables 123 4.6 Verification of Solution by Optimization Software 132
4.7 Comparison pf Existing and Proposed System 143
4.8 Analysis of Cost Implication of the Allocation System 144
CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 150
5.1 Conclusion 150
5.2 Recommendations 151
5.3 Contribution to Knowledge 152 References 153
Appendices 163
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
Water has far reaching importance which ranges from health improvement, industrial development, hydro-electric power generation, agricultural development, recreation to navigation and it possesses the potentiality of sustaining the existence of the fauna and flora in the earth. It is obvious that direct consumption of water by plants and animals is top among other important uses of water. Water has other important functions as it can be used for washing, transportation, recreation, industrial applications, chemical uses, fire extinguishing, electric power generation, etc (Ayoola, 2011).
Water makes up more than two-thirds of human body weight and life cannot be sustained for few days without water. The human brain is made up of 95% water, blood is 82% and lungs 90%. A mere two percent drop in body water supply can trigger signs of dehydration and fuzzy short memory (Garg, 2010).
Water serves as a lubricant in digestion of food and it helps to lubricate our joints and cartilages and allows them to move more freely. Water plays a significant role in moderation and regulation of body temperature, water helps in transporting blood within the body and circulates antibodies from the immune system.
The entire world uses world water day to highlight the importance of water. In 1992, the United Nations declared March, 22nd of every year world water day (Igali, 2011).
The United Nations conference on sustainable development in Rio de Janeiro in June 2012 (Rio+ 20 Summit) stated that water is the blood stream of green economy. Water, energy and food are interlinked and interdependent, securing them is central to alleviating poverty and to creating a climate of resilient and robust green economy. Population growth, expanding cities and accelerating economic activity increase the demand for energy and food and create unsustainable pressure on our water and land resource (Esan, 2002).
By definition, water resources allocation entails making water available for distribution to users for their peculiar purposes at any point in time and space. It targets at distributing available resources to various end users who hold some entitlements. These entitlements could be for domestic use, irrigation, hydropower, industrial, environmental, aquatic life conservation and other purposes (Cherg, 2007).
The effective management of available water in arid and semi-arid regions in general and Nigeria in particular has increased in importance in recent times due to limited water availability (Coe and Fooley, 2001). In Nigeria, water supply for various uses is highly unsustainable because of the neglect of water resources allocation concept. The attendant consequences have been lack of potable water in the midst of much water resources and the absence of considerations for apportioning available water resources for the ever increasing demands for ecological, industrial, hydropower, and recreational purposes. It is obvious that the world’s craze for industrial, technological and recreational increasing demand and even the domestic and crop production needs make proper water distribution or allocations for various entitlements inevitable. The issue of thorough understanding of available water and the competing needs remains a challenge to engineers and others who must guarantee that future generations will be served with adequate water supply and equally ensure high level of environmental sanitation (Andah, 2003).
According to Raymond L. Nace of the U.S. Geological Survey, water resources are a global problem with local roots, in view of the problems facing water resources, a veritable approach for water resources managers will be to create a balance between supply and demand of water. Increased population growth, rapid economic growth and environmental degradation have driven an increasing demand on water (GWP, 2000).
Surface water management and water transfer should be given priority, while underground water extraction should then be the last option where possible. Human environment should therefore be seen as a system and sub-system that is interdependent in function which needs proper planning and management by professionals for sustainability
(Dukiya, 2011).
1.2 Problem Statement
The Stockholm statement to the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio De Janeiro (Rio + 20 Summit) stated that by 2030, in a business as usual scenario, humanity’s demand for water could outstrip supply by as much as 40 per cent. This would place water, energy and food security at risk, increase public health costs, constrain economic development, lead to social and geopolitical tensions and cause lasting environmental damage. The problem of the limited nature of water resources and the albatross of the unlimited quest for its usage are enigmatic as it is conflicting and desire a solution which can be found through objective allocation.
Countries lack plans and facilities to deal with the calamity that will result from the next widespread regional drought, and the affected public does not even conceive of the impending disaster (Gupta and Gupta, 2010). Water resources in Nigeria (like in many other parts of the world) are poorly managed, under-utilized and utterly neglected and the trend has locked up the capacity for the appropriation of the potentialities of these natural resources. The neglect of the water resources are partly attributable to the under-development of most communities, local government areas, states and nations at large. The prevailing deterioration and eventual extinction of our water resources are the consequences of the unco-ordinated activities allowed in the water resources. The poor management of water the water sector has exacerbated the problem of aquatic life destruction, watershed degradation, over-cultivation of the river banks and the distortion of allocation equilibrium. The attendant consequences of poor and inappropriate management include under-
utilization, extinction, deterioration, under-development and conflict in the water resources thereby created an imbroglio in the scenario of water resources development.
When a country lacks the capacity to manage water resources efficiently the consequence will be for her citizens or populace to suffer poor sanitary conditions. As a result of inappropriate management; there will be inadequate specifications, poor standards and ineffectiveness on the part of the institutions that are charged with the responsibility of regulating the activities and other oversight functions needed in the sector. From the foregoing, it can be observed that there are persisting problems of lack of water allocation programme, extinction of water reservoirs, and the underdevelopment of water resources and the catchment basins.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The study seeks to:
- Obtain data on water allocation parameters to various sectors in the Anambra – Imo River basin and any other relevant information.
- Develop an optimization model for optimal water allocation to competing sectors in Anambra – Imo River Basin.
- Obtain a solution of the optimization problem and perform sensitivity
- Verify the computational accuracy of the software and compare the model results with those of an existing model.
- Justification for Research
The research is necessary because of the spatial, temporal and purposeful imbalance in the allocation of water resources in the Anambra – Imo River Basin. The imbalance had impacted negatively on the economic, health and environmental integrity of the sub-areas and localities in the basin. The research will help in making sure that the available water in the basin is equitably allocated on the principles of fairness, equity, objectivity and efficiency. It will balance the purposeful allocation of water as against the present scenario where most water usage purposes are never given priority but utterly neglected.
The project is expected to contribute to research efforts as the model can be used effectively in conflict resolution and optimal water allocation in river reservoir systems or basin. It will also provide valuable guidance for major capital development projects, residential growth and economic development consistent with state and local policies and plans.
- Project Scope and Limitation
The scope of this project will be limited to investigations and data collection within the areas and rivers of the Anambra-Imo River Basin of Nigeria area of juriscription. The data collection is concentrated within the sample sub-basins of Njaba, Mmam, Otamiri and Aboine rivers and their catchment communities. The data collected were used to formulate model equations. The developed model solution will be verified and compared with the result from the manual solution. The data collected had direct relationship with the allocation priorities and they are limited to domestic water use, industry, ecology and energy use within the Anambra-Imo River
Basin Development Authority area of jurisdiction.
OPTIMIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES ALLOCATION IN ANAMBRA-IMO RIVER BASIN
