IMMUNOASSAY TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTING CANCER BIOMARKERS.

IMMUNOASSAY TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTING CANCER BIOMARKERS. 

Abstract:
Cancer is a leading cause of mortality worldwide, necessitating early and accurate detection for effective treatment and improved patient outcomes. Immunological techniques, particularly immunoassays, have emerged as powerful tools for the detection of cancer biomarkers, which are specific molecules indicative of cancer presence or progression. This comprehensive review aims to provide an overview of the various immunoassay techniques employed for the detection of cancer biomarkers.

The review begins by highlighting the significance of cancer biomarkers in clinical practice and their role in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic monitoring. Next, it delves into the fundamental principles underlying immunological techniques and their relevance to cancer biomarker detection. The central focus is on immunoassay methods, which include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), radioimmunoassays (RIAs), chemiluminescent immunoassays (CLIAs), and fluorescence-based immunoassays (FIAs).

Each immunoassay technique is explored in detail, encompassing their principles, advantages, limitations, and applications in cancer biomarker detection. The review also discusses recent advancements in immunosensing technologies, such as multiplexed immunoassays, nanotechnology-based immunoassays, and emerging platforms like plasmonic biosensors and microfluidic devices.

Furthermore, the review highlights the importance of appropriate validation and standardization of immunological techniques to ensure their accuracy, reproducibility, and clinical utility. Considerations regarding sample types, assay sensitivity and specificity, and analytical performance parameters are also addressed.

Lastly, this review presents a summary of recent studies using immunological techniques for the detection of specific cancer biomarkers, including examples from breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and ovarian cancer. The clinical implications, challenges, and future prospects of immunological techniques in cancer biomarker detection are discussed.

In conclusion, immunoassay techniques have revolutionized the field of cancer biomarker detection, enabling earlier diagnosis, personalized treatment strategies, and improved patient outcomes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the various immunological methods utilized for cancer biomarker detection, serving as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and industry professionals working in the field of cancer diagnostics and therapeutics.

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