CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY MARKERS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES. 

Abstract:

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continue to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Early detection and accurate diagnosis of CVDs are crucial for effective management and improved patient outcomes. Chemical pathology markers, which encompass a wide range of biochemical parameters, have emerged as valuable tools for the assessment, risk stratification, and monitoring of various cardiovascular conditions. This abstract provides a comprehensive review of the most commonly used chemical pathology markers for cardiovascular diseases.

Firstly, lipid profile markers, including total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG), play a fundamental role in the evaluation of dyslipidemia, a major risk factor for CVDs. Abnormal lipid levels can indicate increased cardiovascular risk and guide treatment strategies such as lipid-lowering therapy.

Secondly, markers related to inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, and homocysteine, have been implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of CVDs. Elevated levels of these markers are associated with increased cardiovascular risk and can aid in risk assessment and monitoring of disease progression.

Thirdly, cardiac biomarkers, including troponins, creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), are widely used for the diagnosis and prognosis of acute coronary syndromes and heart failure. These biomarkers provide valuable information on myocardial injury, necrosis, and cardiac function, enabling timely intervention and risk stratification.

Furthermore, markers of glucose metabolism, such as fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), are important in assessing the risk and management of diabetes mellitus, a significant risk factor for CVDs. Optimal glycemic control is essential for reducing the risk of cardiovascular complications in diabetic patients.

Lastly, renal function markers, including serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), are crucial for evaluating kidney function in patients with CVDs. Impaired renal function is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events and mortality.

In conclusion, chemical pathology markers play a pivotal role in the diagnosis, risk stratification, and monitoring of cardiovascular diseases. A comprehensive evaluation of lipid profile, inflammatory markers, cardiac biomarkers, glucose metabolism markers, and renal function markers can provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology, prognosis, and therapeutic management of CVDs. Further research is warranted to explore novel biomarkers and optimize their clinical utility in improving cardiovascular disease outcomes.

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