Facial Contamination Of Drinking Water; Health Effect

FACIAL CONTAMINATION OF DRINKING WATER; HEALTH EFFECT

Chapter One

Introduction

Background of the study

It is a well-known fact that clean water is essential for healthy living. An adequate supply of fresh and clean drinking water is a basic need for all human beings on the earth, yet it has been observed that millions of people worldwide are deprived of this. The development of industry and agriculture created several environmental problems including air and water pollution with their serious effects on human health (Wang et al. 2010; Patrick 2003. Rapid industrialization and urbanization have resulted in elevated emissions of toxic heavy metals entering the biosphere (Nweke 2009; Gazso 2001). An estimate by Witt (1982) based on WHO reports suggests that 80 % of all human illness in developing countries is associated with polluted water. It has been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of death (Pink and Daniel 2006; West 2006) and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily (West 2006). An estimated 1,000 Indian children die of diarrhea every day (a special report on India 2008). The contribution of geology is to help isolate environmental aspects that may influence the incidence of disease. The ultimate source of the body trace elements is generally rocks. The concentration of trace elements in rocks varies by rock type. Sometimes, they become concentrated in soil, water, or in air taken up by plants,, and ingested by humans or animals. Numerous aquifers worldwide carry soluble arsenic at concentrations greater than the levels recommended by World Health Organization and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Sources include both natural (black shales, gold mineralization, and geothermal environments) and anthropogenic (mining activities, livestock feed additives, pesticides, and arsenic trioxide wastes). Groundwater pollution is not as easily classified as surface water pollution (United States Geological Survey and Denver 1998).

Groundwater aquifers are susceptible to contamination from sources that may not directly affect surface water bodies. It is much more difficult to abate than surface pollution because groundwater can move great distances through unseen aquifers. A strong relationship between contaminated drinking water with trace elements and the incidence of chronic diseases such as renal failure, liver cirrhosis, hair loss, and chronic anemia has been documented. Renal failure is related to the contamination of drinking water with Cd and Pb; liver cirrhosis to the contamination with Cu and molybdenum; hair loss to the contamination with Cr and Ni; and chronic anemia to the contamination with Cd and Cu (Johri et al. 2010). Evidence from Chile indicates that arsenic in drinking water may increase mortality from pulmonary tuberculosis (Smith et al. 2010).

1.2     Statement of the problem

Toxic heavy metals such as cadmium, chromium, mercury, lead, arsenic,, and antimony are threats to human well-being. The significance of this study is to increase the database and educate the society near and within the contaminated areas. Residents in the vicinity of the contaminated sites, depend upon the locally extracted groundwater from the shallow wells. These shallow wells are the primary water sources at Itu village.

1.3     Objectives of the Study

To examine the chemical content found in tap drinking water samples

To trace elements of contamination found in the tap drinking water samples

1.4     Research Questions

What is the chemical content found in tap drinking water samples?

What are the traces elements of contamination found in the tap drinking water samples?

 

RESEARCH MORE ON PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS PORTALS; list of facial coliforms, the difference between facial and non-facial coliforms,  fecal bacteria effects, thermotolerant coliforms,, and facial coliforms, what is the acceptable level of coliforms in the water, the difference between total coliforms and facial coliforms, the difference between e.coli and fecal coliforms, how does fecal coliform affect water quality. FACIAL CONTAMINATION OF DRINKING WATER; HEALTH EFFECT

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