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THE PARKIA BIGLOBOSA (IRU) PHYTOCHEMICAL EXTRACTS EFFECT ON THE BLOOD SUGAR OFALBINO WISTER RAT
ABSTRACT
The continual rise in the global burden of diabetes despite a number of available medications has led to the search for alternative therapeutic modalities for the disease in the research domain.This study explores the phytochemical extractsand antioxidant effect ofP. Biglobosa (iru) in alloxan induced diabetic Wistar rats.70kg of Fermented and dried locust beanswere bought and its phytochemicals extracted.28Wistar albino rats weighing (100g-200g) were divided into seven groups of 4 rats each. Group 1-4 received 200mg/kg flavonoid, tanin, alkaloid, crude extract respectively, group 5 received 100mg/kg body weight of gilberclamide, and group 6 was untreated diabetic group, while group 7 served as healthy control. Diabetes was induced in the rats by a single dose intravenous injection of Alloxan (200mg/kg). At the end of the 21 days treatment period, the blood samples were collected and centrifuged to obtain serum for biochemical analysis and the rats were sacrificed.Laboratory results were subjected to statistical analysis of variance and Fischer‘s LSD post hoc test. The results showedthat P. biglobosaand its phytochemicals reduced blood sugar levels of diabetic rats between 49 – 54%, greater than gibenclamide (26%). The antioxidant study showed an improvement in SOD, GSH and Catalase levels in diabetic rats treated with P. biglobosa and its phytochemicals, while showing a decrease in MDA levels. The findings suggest that the plant possesses hypoglycaemic and antioxidant potency. This potency was observed to be higher in the whole/crude plant than in its phytochemicals.
Keywords: Phytochemical extract, antioxidant effect, diabetic, wistal albino rats, flavonoid, tannin, p. biglobosa, gilberclamide and hypoglycaemic.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CERTIFICATION i
CHAPTER ONE v
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background information 1
1.2 Problem Statement 4
1.3 Objectives of Study 4
1.4 Justification of Study 4
1.5 Scope of Study 6
CHAPTER TWO 7
LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1 Diabetes Mellitus 7
2.1.1 Types and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus 9
2.1.2 Pathophysiology of Type II Diabetes Mellitus 12
2.1.3 Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus 13
2.1.4 Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus 15
2.1.5 Complications of Diabetes Mellitus 16
2.1.6 Treatment and Management of Diabetes Mellitus 17
2.2 Mechanism of Action of Some Hypoglycaemics 18
2.3 Antioxidant Activity in Diabetes 19
2.3.1 Catalase 19
2.3.2 Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) 20
2.3.3 Lipid Peroxidation 21
2.4 Locust Bean (Parkia biglobosa) 23
2.4.1 Plant Description 24 2.4.2 Nutritional Benefit 27
CHAPTER THREE 33
MATERIALS AND METHODS 33
3.1 Materials 33
3.2 Methods 33
3.2.1 Locust Beans (Parkia biglobosa) 33
3.2.2 Phytochemical Analysis of Locust Beans (Parkia biglobosa) 34
3.2.3 Preparation of Alloxane (200mg/Kg) 36
3.2.4 Experimental Induction of Diabetes and Treatment 38
3.3 Assay of Antioxidants / Biochemical Parameters of Blood Serum 39
3.3.1 Assay of Catalase (CAT) Activity 39
3.3.2 Determination of Lipid Peroxidation in Animal Tissues 41
3.3.3 Determination of Glutathione Concentration 41
3.2.4 Assessment of Superoxide Dismutase Activity 42
3.4 Statistical Analysis 43
CHAPTER FOUR 44 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 44
4.1 Effect of Parkia biglobosa on Fasting Blood Sugar Level of Experimental Rats 44
4.2 Effect of Parkia biglobosa on Total Protein Level of Experimental Rats 46
4.3 Effect of Parkia biglobosaon the levels of Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Activities in
Experimental Rats 48
4.3.1 Effect of Parkia biglobosa on the levels of Lipid Peroxidation in Experimental Rats 48
4.3.2 Effect of Parkia biglobosa on the Levels of Antioxidant Activities in Experimental
Rats 49
4.4 Discussion 51
CHAPTER FIVE 54
5.1 Conclusion 54
5.2 Recommendations 55
REFERENCES 56
APPENDIX I 62
APPENDIX II 66
APPENDIX III 72
ABBREVIATIONS 74
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Information
High blood sugar concentration is major cause of diabetes mellitus, which is a disorder that occur in the B-cells of the pancreas due to either; insufficient secretion of insulin or cellular resistance to insulin (ADA, 2013). Diabetes mellitus is majorly of two types; Type I diabetes (Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, IDDM), and Type II diabetes (Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, NIDDM). These two type depends on when it started or the stage, severity and complications (Haffner and Lehto, 1998). In type I diabetes, the insulin secreted by the B-Cells of the pancreas is insufficient to metabolize glucose which raises blood sugar level as a result of hepatic overproduction of glucose by glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis and a decrease in the removal of glucose from the circulation into adipose tissues and muscles (Murray et al, 1996). Type II diabetes may be attributed to insensitivity to insulin, that is, the insulin produced by the B-Cells may be normal or even elevated, but due to the shortage of insulin receptors, they are not responsive to insulin.
Intense hunger, increase sugar level in the blood, extraordinary thirst concomitant nausea and vomiting, severe tiredness and weakness have been reported as symptoms in both type I and type II diabetic conditions (Modaket al., 2007). Amelioration in individuals suffering from type I diabetes is achieved by absolute dependence on exogenous source of insulin whereas type II diabetic conditions can be ameliorated with dietary changes, exercise and medication (Joseph and Jini, 2011).However, other forms of diabetes known are classified as secondary diabetes.
These include, diabetes caused by the destruction of the pancreas by drugs, diseases or surgery and diabetes due to ineffectiveness in hormonal activities (Haffner and Lehto, 1998). Furthermore, diabetes have been shown to be a hereditary disease, some members of the family have traits of diabetes even though their blood sugar may be normal at the time of examination, but develop years later (NAPW, 2001). Diabetes is a major threat to global public health and is on the increase (WHO, 1985). The incidence of diabetes varies from one geographical location to the other due to predisposing environmental and lifestyle associated factors (The Lancet, 2007). Recently, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) reported that over four million people die from diabetes annually (Oputa and Chinenye, 2012). From literature search as at 2011, globally, it was estimated that 366 million people have diabetes and this value is likely to increase to about 552 million by 2030 (Olokobaet al., 2012; Siegel and Narayan, 2008).
The use of agents that exhibit hypoglycemic activities control diabetes mellitus. The most popular hypoglycemic agent used clinically to manage diabetes is insulin (injection) which is a compound that has same chemical configuration with human B-cell type found suitable by subcutaneous injection (Elsevier, 2006). This treatment method cannot reach the rural inhabitants and poor urban dwellers because of the cost of the drug and availability factor. Therefore, there is urgent need for alternative agents that could control the disease at low cost and easily available. Medicinal plants are plants in which one or more of its organs contain substances that can be used for the management of certain illness or which are precursors for the synthesis of useful drugs (SükranKültür, 2007). (Eddouks et al) asserts that before the introduction of synthetic drugs, plants were used in the treatment and prevention of diseases. Balunas and Kinghorn (2005) also noted that plants were the very first and only medicines used in curing diseases by human since ages. Many people in Nigeria also rely on medicinal plants in their natural environments for the treatment of diabetes (Hassan and Umar, 2005). Among the leguminous plants used by man particularly in some African countries, is the African Locust Bean (Parkiabiglobosa). The seeds are well known for their uses in the production of local condiment commonly known as Dawadawa (Hausa) or Iru(Yoruba).
Furthermore, Parkiabiglobosa is a plant with an outstanding protein quality taking into accounts its protein and amino acid composition (Cook and Vanderjagt, 2000). The plant is commonly found both in the Northern and Western part of Nigeria. Throughout the West African savannah, iru is eaten regularly in soups and porridge made of sorghum or millet. It is also used like stock cubes or cheese in European and North American cooking (Simonyanet el., 2012). The economic importance of locust bean plant are as follows; The locust-bean tree plays a vital role in stabilizing soil in farming areas and cycling nutrients from deeper solid layers as well as by providing shade (Campbell-Platt, 1980), as a leguminous plant, it fixes atmospheric nitrogen through the root-noodles (Cobley and Steele,1976), the yellow pulp around the seeds is a highenergy food which is also rich in vitamin c, the pods and bark are used in traditional medicines, an extract from the pod shield is used to harden beaten earth floors and as a glaze for pottery and the bark yields red tannin used for dying leather.
1.2 Problem Statement
Parkiabiglobosa have been consumed by rural dwellers as a protein rich food Nigeria without cause to ascertain if the plant extract could prevent or manage patients with diabetes mellitus. Hence the need to study the phytochemical properties so as to investigate its anti diabetic, oxidative and antioxidative properties as well as develop more readily available, efficient and less cost means of management of diabetes disorders.
1.3 Objectives of Study
This study was designed to analyze parkiabiglobosa (iru) phytochemical extracts effect on the blood sugar of albino Wister rat.
This study is directed towards
The development of a more readily available, efficient and cost effective means of management of diabetes disorders through efficacy of P. biglobosa.
Investigating the antidiabetic properties of Parkiabiglobosa
Investigating the oxidative andantioxidative properties of Parkiabiglobosa
1.4 Justification of Study
A local seasoning such as iru (Parkiabiglobosa) is not only used as flavor in food but has been shown to contain nutrients that can cause hypoglycemia in diabetes and also solve problems of other illness. The result of this study will be beneficial to homemakers, health workers, nutritionist, dietitians, home economist, government and the general public.
The findings will be of great value to homemakers by bringing to their awareness the nutritional valuesof iru (P.biglobosa).With these findings the homemakers from different states of Nigeria will know the best local food seasonings to use and the one that will be more nutritious among people of different age groups. This could be achieved through seminar\workshops or women conference such as August meeting and demonstration program in any state.
Further, the finding of the study will help Home Economists through Home Economists Extension programs where homemakers and students are educated on ways of solving national problems associated with nutrition or other diseases. Secondly Home Economists will have the opportunity to educate the homemakers and others on the poisonous or harmful nature of these local seasonings when they are not properly fermented.
This study will also help the nutritionist and the dietitians to know the type of seasonings to recommend for people that lacks some nutrient in the body and also to the people that have health problems.
The result of this finding will help the health workers to know the health implications of iru (P.biglobosa).Finally, the result of this study will also help the Government to advice the general public on the type of local seasonings to use.
The expensive nature of orthodox treatment and medications for diabetes has impoverished many and reduced patient‘s compliance to treatment. The use of injectables (such as insulin) and possible complications that can follow (such as lipodystrophy, secondary infections, and hypoglycemia) may also affect compliance, given the fact that the management of diabetes in most cases is long-term. The Diabetic Association of Nigeria (DAN) has put the diabetic population in Nigeria at about 10 million (Ogberaet al., 2005). Following urbanization and its effects on the life style of individuals, this figure would have certainly increased a great deal since then (Ogbera et al., 2005). Having a medication which is readily available in the environment, acceptable as well as being affordable, would serve as a good alternative drug for the management for diabetes mellitus and its attendant complications.
1.5 Scope of Study
In this study, hypoglycemic properties of the phytochemical extract of iru (Parkiabiglobosa) were examined in diabetes induced Wister albino rats aiming to ascertain its hypoglycemic activity and consequently its potential use as a blood glucose lowering agent within a given time.
THE PARKIA BIGLOBOSA (IRU) PHYTOCHEMICAL EXTRACTS EFFECT ON THE BLOOD SUGAR OFALBINO WISTER RAT
