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COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF PLASTER SANDS IN YOLA METROPOLIS
Abstract
There is persistent argument constituting a serious problem as to which is better among the different sand types used for plastering mortars in Yola. Some are of the vague opinion that the cement and the water requirements for the sands are different and thus one is more economical than the other when used to produce plaster mixes. Moreover, as at now there seems to be no document specifying the properties of the two sands in question, thus the need to scientifically investigate as well as establish the suitability of the sands for plastering mortars in Yola. The results from this investigation will assist contractors, designers, builders, and other stakeholder in decision making as to which of the sands will be applied in different part of construction. It will also aid in placing the correct order for supply instead of falling under suppliers‟ mercy.This research thereforeis aimed at evaluating the properties of two plastering sands used in Yola with the view to establishing their major characteristics as plastering sands. A total number of 192 cubes and prisms were cast using nominal mix ratio of 1:3 with water cement ratio of 0.7 and tested for density, compressive and flexural strength at 7, 14, 28 and 56 days. Abrasion resistance, water absorption, sorptivity tests were carried out at 28 and 56days of curing age. The result showed that at 56 days the compressive strength was 16.48 N/mm2 and 14.41N/mm2, and flexural strength of 10.03 N/mm2 and 10.11 N/mm2 for samples A and B mortar respectively. This research concludes that the sample B mortar has higher flexural strength and durability properties than sample A mortar. The research recommends that where strength of mortar is the requirement, such as in mortar beds and joints, sample A should be used due to it higher compressive strength value and Sample B is a better option when it comes to durability as required in plastering and rendering due to its higher durability properties.
Table of Contents
Page
Cover page…………………………………………………………………………………………i
Declaration…………………………………………………………………………………………ii
Certification…………………………………………………………………………………………iii Dedication………………………………………………………………………………………..iv
Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………………..v Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………..vi
Table Contents…………………………………………………………………………………..vii
List of Table……………………………………………………………………………………….x
List of Figure……………………………………………………………………………………..xi
List of Appendices…………………………………………………………………………………..xii
List of Plate……………………………………………………………………………………..xiii
1.0 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………..1
1.1 Background of the study……………………………………………………………………1
1.2 Statement of Research Problem……………………………………………………………4
1.3 Justification of the study……………………………………………………………………5
1.4 Aim and Objectives…………………………………………………………………………5
1.4.1 Aim…………………………………………………………………………………………..5
1.4.2 Objectives of the Study……………………………………………………………………5
1.5 Scope and Limitation………………………………………………………………………..6
1.5.1 Scope……………………………………………………………………………………….6
1.5.2 Limitation………………………………………………………………………………….6
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………………………….7
2.1 Plaster……………….…………………………………………………………………….7
2.1.1 History of Plaster………………………………………………………………………….7
2.1.2 Types of Plaster……………………………………………………………………………8
2.1.3 Uses of Plaster……………………………………………………………………………10
2.1.4 Classification of Plaster…………………….……………………………………………11 2.2 Mortar…….………………………………………………………………………………12
2.2.1 History of Mortar……..……………………………………………………………………13 2.2.2 Classification of Mortar……………………………………………………………………14
2.2.3 Composition of Mortar…………………………………………………………………….16
2.2.4 Types of Mortar…………………………………………………………………………………19
2.2.5 Uses of Mortar…………………………………………………………………………….24
2.2.6 Characteristics of Good Mortar……………………………………………………………24
2.2.7 Durability of Mortar………………………………………………………………………..26
2.2.8 Properties of Fresh Mortar…………………………………………………………………28
2.2.9 Curing……………….……………………………………………………………………..31
2.2.10 Properties of Hardened Mortar…………….…………………………………………….32
2.3 Fine Aggregate……………………………………………………………………………………………………37
2.3.1 Specification for Plastering Sand…………………………………………………………41
2.3.2Basic Characteristics of fine Aggregate…….………………………………………………42
2.3.3Properties of Fine Aggregate and It Function in Mortar……………………………………42
2.3.4 Requirement of Fine aggregate…………………………………………………………….43
2.3.5 Available Grading of Fine Aggregate………………………………………………………43
2.3.6 Classification of Fine Aggregate…………………………………………………………..44
3.0 METHODOLOGY………………………………………………………………………..46
3.1 Research Design…………………………………………………………………………..46
3.2 Research Materials and Methods…………………………………………………………..47
3.2.1 Materials…………………………………………………………………………………..47
3.3 Tool, Apparatus and Equipment Used…………………………………………………..49 3.4 Methods……………………………………………………………………………………49
3.4.1 Literature Review………………………………………………………………………….49
3.4.2 Experimental Programme…………………………………………………………………….50
3.5 Production and Testing of Mortar Specimens………………………………………….55
3.5.1 Trial Mix…………………………………………………………………………………..55
3.5.2 Final Mix Proportion………………………………………………………………………56
3.5.3 Tests on Fresh Properties of Mortar……………………………………………………….56
3.5.4 Casting of Mortar Samples…………………………………………………………………58
3.5.5 Curing of Mortar Specimens………………………………………………………………58
3.6 Tests on Hardened Mortar……………………………………………………………….59
3.6.1 Density Test………………………………………………………………………………..59
3.6.2 Compressive Strength Test…………………………………………………………………60
3.6.3 Flexural Strength Test……………………………………………………………………..61
3.6.4 Abrasion Resistance Test…………………………………………………………………..62
3.6.5 Water Absorption Test……………………………………………………………………..62
3.6.6 Sorptivity Test………………………………………………………………………………63
3.7 Method of Data Analysis……………………………………………………………………65
4.0 OPRESENTATION OF RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIO………………….66
4.1 Presentation of Results of Preliminary Test…………………………………………….66
4.1.1 Properties of Sands…………………………………………………………………………66
4.2 Presentation of Results of Test on Fresh Mortar………………………………………….73
4.2.1 Workability…………………………………………………………………………………73
4.2.2 Bulk Density………………………………………………………………………………74
4.3 Presentation of Results of Test on Hardened Mortar……………………………………..75
4.3.1 Density Test………………………………………………………………………………..75
4.3.2 Compressive Strength Test…………………………………………………………………76
4.3.3 Flexural Strength Test………………………………………………………………………77 4.3.4 Water Absorption Test……………………………………………………………………..78
4.3.5 Abrasion Resistance Test…………………………………………………………………..79
4.3.6 Sorptivity Test……………………………………………………………………………..80
5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION………………………….82
5.1 Summary of Major Findings………………………………………………………………..82
5.2 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………83
5.3 Recommendation…………………………………………………………………………83
5.4 Recommendation for Further Studies…………………………………………………….84
5.5 Contribution to knowledge…….………………………………………………………..84
REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………….85
APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………………93
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Plaster consists of mixture of lime or cement and sand, with the required quantity of water.Rough surface of concrete, masonry wall or concrete ceiling roofs are changed or covered to provide an attractive surface by plastering with a material called plaster. After the erection ofa building structure, plastering work has to take place in order to protect some of the building components such as walls, columns and beamsfrom the effect of weather, and to make the building look attractive(Michael & John, 2011). Plastering is the process of covering rough concrete surfaces, masonry walls and undulatting surface of buildings with a plastic material, called plaster, which is the mixture of lime or cement, sand and water (Satheesh, 2009; Weyer et al., 2015). Mortars are spread over the block or brick works and then trowel is used to make the surface smooth to the required level. According toCorinaldesi, Moriconi & Naik(2005), plastering also increasesthermal and sound protection in the building.
The main aim of plastering a building is to provide strong and even surface that could be painted and give nice attractive appearance.Plasters are used for many reasons in a building. According to Adedeji (2007),the aimsof plaster include: protection of the underlying surface, allow or stop the migration of vapour or liquid moisture and air current, carrying the building loads, to give adequate fire resistance to the building system, provide sufficient sound and thermal insulation, provision of levelled and hygienic surface and abrasion resistance of the surface and accepts an attractive finishing. In addition, plaster improves the appearance of the wall by hiding the imperfections of rough work and gives it an attractive texture compatible with the local environment (Houben & Guillaud, 1994).Very high humidity affects the masonry. Humidity may enter themasonry in different ways and forms, such as rain water, fog, rising damp, condensation.
If very hot weather enters the wall of a building, it should come outof the wall as quickly as possible, otherwise, it may cause several decay problems (Akkuzugil, 1997). At that point, plasters have an important role on ‘breathing property’ of the walls, by letting out the excess humidity (Szczerba& Jedrezejewska, 1998). Plaster in general, such as cement plasteris applied with 13mm thickness and sometimes it can be of 19mm thickness also. 19mm plaster is carried out in two stages. First layer is of 13mm and second is of 6mm thickness. After the first layer is set, cement slurry is spread on the surface beforethe second layer is applied. Besides walls, plaster is applied to the underside of upper floor decking which sometimes looks rough when the shuttering is removed. Many holes are found at various places under the decking, a 6mm plaster is applied in the ratio 1:3 cement to sand and then cured. The curing is carried out in the same method applied to the other plaster types on the finished surface.
As a weather preventing material, plaster arrangement is made of water preventing cement surface, a channel at the backof the plaster to control all water out of the plaster and a concealed moisture retaining barrier at the back of the arrangement. As a sound dampener and noise reducing element, both airborne and impact, plaster has historically served well. Plaster isbeing used in the construction of building as the oldest finishing materialsuch as those of Neolithic sites in the United Kingdom(Cessford, 2001). Acoustical plasters are laboratory tested to describe that these plasters can importantly increase Sound
Transmission Class(STC) values of partitions. The hardness of plastering or rendering is based largely on the material properties of the finishes and the material it is applied to, as well as the bond between the two materials (Abdurahman, 2014). The major components of plasters are the binder and filler also known as aggregates. Consequently all sort of filler materials are used as aggregates for plaster. However, Performance of the plaster is directly related to the properties of its components. In other words the components of plaster, such as mud, lime or gypsum as binder, different types of inorganic aggregates as filler, and organic and/or inorganic additives directly influence its performance. The characteristics of these components and their contributions to the performance should be well evaluated (Young & Miller, 2000).The most common types of plaster mainly contain either gypsum, lime, or cement with water and sand (Franz, 2012). All plasters must contain at least one cementitious material, generally lime, gypsum, or Portland cement.
Sand is used to increase capacity and to reduce shrinkage. Water is necessary to develop the plasticity of the cementitious material, and to assist in the chemical reactions involved in the hardening process.Care should be exercised in the selection of sand, the principal aggregate in plaster. Both the angular and globular types are satisfactory and may be either natural sand or ground rock. It should be composed of clean, hard, durable stone particles, free from objectionable matter, with an allowance of not more than 5 percent of loam, silt and clay. Sand for plaster should be graded to pass a No,3 or No. 4 sieve and at least 85 percent should be retained on a No.100 sieve. According to Singh & Singh (2006) an important requirement is that sand to be used for producing plastering mortar should be free of organic matter such as roots, seed, twigs and humus.
Plaster is usually produced as a dry powder and then mix together with the required amount of water to produce a stiff paste (mortar)before application.Cement plaster was first introduced in American around 1909 and was named after the founder called adamant plaster. The cement plaster has a great advantage such as strength, hardness, quick setting time and durability which was noted at that time (Chudly & Greeno, 2008). Plaster has two major requirements such as workability and cohesive in the early stage and strong enough to hold paint and withstand local impact and abrasion, free of unsightly cracking, adequately bonded to the substrate, have an acceptable surface texture and accuracy (with reference to a plane or curved surface)which must occur at the hardened stage (Afrisam, 2008). The different sand types, Red (Sample A) and Black (Sample B) exist in Yola, which mainly used for plastering and rendering works. This research work intends to investigate and compare the engineering properties of these sands.
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
A building can be considered or viewed aesthetically appealing when it is painted with selected paints colors, but painting takes place after rendering and plastering. Painting, rendering, and plastering are termed as finishes. However, because of the growth of population and of cities and the consequent increase in construction activities, this has led to an increase in the demand for plastering sand. According to Abukersh (2005), the large scale depletion of natural aggregates and the increase numbers of construction are causing significant damage to the society and causing serious problems denting the public and the environmentalist aspirations for a waste-free society. It is estimated that the annual consumption of sand is 40 billion tons globally (Beiser, 2015).
Importation of plastering sand may add to high cost of construction due to transportation. There is persistent argument constituting a serious problem as to which is better among the two abundant sand types used as plastering mortars in Yola. Some are of the vague opinion that the cement and water requirements for the sands are different and thus one is more economical than the other when used to produce plaster mixes.As at now, there seems to be no documents specifying the properties of these sands in question, thus the need to scientifically investigate as well as establish the suitability of the different sand samples from Yola for producing plastering mortars.
1.3Justification for the Study
Since the different sands for making plastering mortars are widely available in Yola, this experimental study could establish the suitability or otherwise of using both sands for the production of plastering mortars. It could also establish the best of the two sand samples. Efforts wereplaced toward assessing the properties of the sands for plastering purpose. The result of this research would lead to determining the engineering properties of the sands and also could contribute to solving the argument over the sand samples. The results from this investigation will assist contractors, designers, builders, and other stakeholders in decision making as to which of the sands will be applied in different part of construction. It will also aid in placing the correct order for supply instead of falling under suppliers mercy.
1.4 Aim and Objectives
1.4.1 Aim
The aim of this research is to evaluate the properties of two plastering sands used in Yola with the view to establishing their major characteristics as plastering sands.
1.4.2 Objectives
The stated aim was pursued through the following objectives. These are to:
- investigate the engineering properties of the research materials.
- establish fresh mortar properties for the sand samples.
- determine the strength characteristics of the hardened mortar produced with the sand samples. iv. determine some durability properties of hardenedmortar produced with the plastering materials
1.5Scope and Limitations
1.5.1 Scope
In view of the fact that there exist two different plastering sands in yola, this research work therefore was restricted to laboratory experimental tests which focused on the physical, mechanical and durability properties of mortar (cubes and prisms) produced with the plastering sands, properties such as density, compressive strength, flexural strength, abrasion resistance, water absorption, and sorptivity only were investigated.
1.5.2 Limitation
The materials were picked during dry season, the moisture content could have changed which may invariably affect the bulk density.
COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF PLASTER SANDS IN YOLA METROPOLIS
