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HEMATOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF SYSTEMIC DISEASES.
Abstract:
Hematological manifestations are common in various systemic diseases, reflecting the intricate interplay between the hematopoietic system and other organ systems. This comprehensive review aims to provide an overview of the hematological manifestations observed in systemic diseases, highlighting their clinical significance in diagnosis, prognosis, and management.
The review begins by examining hematological abnormalities associated with autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjögren’s syndrome. These conditions often present with immune-mediated cytopenias, including autoimmune hemolytic anemia, immune thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia. Additionally, coagulation abnormalities, such as antiphospholipid syndrome, may contribute to thrombotic events.
Next, the review explores hematological manifestations in infectious diseases, including viral infections (such as HIV, hepatitis, and Epstein-Barr virus), bacterial infections (such as sepsis and endocarditis), and parasitic infections (such as malaria). These diseases can induce bone marrow suppression, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, among other hematological complications.
The association between hematological abnormalities and hematological malignancies is then discussed. Leukemias, lymphomas, and myeloproliferative neoplasms can manifest with cytopenias, leukocytosis, lymphadenopathy, and splenomegaly. Furthermore, systemic diseases, such as systemic mastocytosis and amyloidosis, can also present with hematological involvement.
The review further explores the hematological manifestations observed in systemic vasculitides, including granulomatosis with polyangiitis, microscopic polyangiitis, and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. These conditions often present with anemia, leukocytosis, and eosinophilia, in addition to vasculitic organ involvement.
Lastly, the review discusses hematological complications in systemic diseases affecting the liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract. Hepatic diseases, such as cirrhosis and liver failure, can result in coagulation disorders and thrombocytopenia. Renal diseases, such as chronic kidney disease and glomerulonephritis, may lead to anemia and other hematological abnormalities. Gastrointestinal disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease and celiac disease, can cause iron deficiency anemia and vitamin deficiencies.
In conclusion, hematological manifestations are diverse and multifactorial in systemic diseases. Recognizing and understanding these abnormalities are crucial for accurate diagnosis, appropriate management, and monitoring of patients. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and develop targeted therapeutic strategies for hematological complications associated with systemic diseases.
