MOLECULAR MARKERS FOR CANCER DIAGNOSIS AND PROGNOSIS. 

Abstract:

Cancer is a complex and heterogeneous disease with a high global prevalence and significant morbidity and mortality rates. Early and accurate diagnosis, as well as precise prognosis, are crucial for effective cancer management and personalized treatment strategies. Over the past decades, the field of cancer research has witnessed remarkable advancements in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis and cancer progression.

This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of molecular markers in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Molecular markers are specific molecules or genetic alterations that can be detected and analyzed in tumor tissues, blood samples, or other bodily fluids. These markers can provide valuable information about the presence of cancer, its subtype, stage, aggressiveness, and potential response to particular therapies.

The first section of the review focuses on the importance of molecular markers in cancer diagnosis. It discusses various techniques employed for the detection and analysis of molecular markers, including genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and epigenomic approaches. Furthermore, it highlights the significance of liquid biopsies, which allow for non-invasive detection of cancer-related molecular alterations.

The second section emphasizes the role of molecular markers in cancer prognosis. It explores how specific molecular alterations can serve as prognostic indicators, predicting the likelihood of disease recurrence, metastasis, and overall patient survival. Additionally, it discusses the integration of molecular markers with traditional clinicopathological parameters to enhance prognostic accuracy.

The review also addresses key challenges and limitations associated with molecular marker-based approaches, such as technical variability, standardization issues, and interpretation complexities. Moreover, it highlights emerging technologies and novel biomarkers that hold promise for improving cancer diagnosis and prognosis.

In conclusion, molecular markers have revolutionized cancer diagnostics and prognostics, enabling a more precise and personalized approach to patient management. The integration of molecular markers into routine clinical practice has the potential to enhance early detection, guide treatment decisions, and improve patient outcomes. However, further research and validation are required to translate these molecular discoveries into robust and reliable clinical applications.

Keywords: cancer, molecular markers, diagnosis, prognosis, genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, liquid biopsy, personalized medicine.

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